Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Introduction to Eukaryotic Organelles

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2:39 minutes

Problem 16

Textbook Question

What are the four major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Verified step by step guidance

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle in eukaryotic cells, and it is divided into two types: rough ER and smooth ER. Begin by understanding the structural differences between these two types, as they are linked to their functions.

The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. Proteins synthesized here are often destined for secretion, membrane insertion, or lysosomal use. Learn how ribosomes interact with the rough ER to produce and process proteins.

The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, including phospholipids and steroids. It also plays a role in detoxification processes, especially in liver cells. Study how enzymes within the smooth ER catalyze these reactions.

Both types of ER contribute to intracellular transport. The ER forms a network of tubules and sacs that help move molecules, such as proteins and lipids, to their target destinations within the cell or for export outside the cell. Understand how vesicles bud off from the ER to transport these molecules.

The ER also plays a role in calcium storage and release, particularly in muscle cells. Calcium ions are stored in the ER and released into the cytoplasm to trigger processes like muscle contraction. Explore how the ER regulates calcium ion concentration and signaling.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous organelle found in eukaryotic cells, consisting of a network of tubules and flattened sacs. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids. The ER is divided into two types: rough ER, which is studded with ribosomes and primarily involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Protein Synthesis

One of the primary functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is protein synthesis. Ribosomes attached to the rough ER translate mRNA into polypeptide chains, which are then folded and modified within the ER lumen. This process is essential for producing proteins that are either secreted from the cell, incorporated into the cell membrane, or sent to lysosomes.

Lipid Synthesis

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily responsible for lipid synthesis, including phospholipids and cholesterol, which are vital for cell membrane formation. Additionally, the smooth ER plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and the detoxification of drugs and poisons. This function is particularly important in liver cells, where the smooth ER helps to process harmful substances.