Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Concentration Gradients and Diffusion

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Concentration Gradients and Diffusion

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Problem L3A

Textbook Question

A patient is admitted to the hospital and given intravenous (IV) fluids. Four hours later, the patient complains that his mouth and eyes feel dry. You notice that he displays signs of dehydration, and when you check his IV, you see that he was given the wrong kind of fluids. Were these fluids likely hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic? Explain.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the definitions of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cells, causing water to move into the cells. Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as the cells, maintaining equilibrium. Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cells, causing water to move out of the cells.

Step 2: Analyze the symptoms of the patient. Dry mouth and eyes, along with signs of dehydration, suggest that water has been drawn out of the cells, leading to a loss of intracellular fluid.

Step 3: Relate the symptoms to the type of IV fluid. If water is moving out of the cells, the IV fluid is likely hypertonic, as hypertonic solutions create an osmotic gradient that pulls water out of the cells into the extracellular space.

Step 4: Consider the physiological effects of hypertonic fluids. Hypertonic fluids increase the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid, which can lead to dehydration symptoms as water leaves the cells to balance the solute concentration.

Step 5: Conclude that the IV fluids given to the patient were likely hypertonic, as they caused water to move out of the cells, leading to dehydration symptoms such as dry mouth and eyes.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Fluid Tonicity

Fluid tonicity refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution compared to the concentration of solutes in the blood. It is categorized into three types: hypotonic (lower solute concentration), isotonic (equal solute concentration), and hypertonic (higher solute concentration). Understanding these categories is crucial for determining how IV fluids affect a patient's hydration status.

Dehydration Signs

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, dry eyes, and decreased skin turgor. Recognizing these signs is essential for assessing a patient's fluid status and determining the appropriate interventions, including the type of IV fluids needed.

IV Fluid Types

IV fluids are classified based on their tonicity and are used to manage a patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. Hypotonic fluids can exacerbate dehydration symptoms by diluting blood solutes, while isotonic fluids maintain balance, and hypertonic fluids can draw water out of cells. Identifying the type of fluid administered is critical for understanding the patient's current condition.

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