Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

9. Muscle Tissue

Steps of Muscle Contraction

Anatomy & Physiology

9. Muscle Tissue

Steps of Muscle Contraction

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3:26 minutes

Problem 19

Textbook Question

Areas of the body where you would not expect to find slow fibers include the
(a) Back and calf muscles
(b) Eye and hand
(c) Chest and abdomen
(d) All of these

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of slow fibers: Slow fibers, also known as slow-twitch muscle fibers, are specialized for endurance and sustained activity. They are rich in mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries, which allow them to perform aerobic respiration efficiently.

Identify the areas of the body where slow fibers are typically found: Slow fibers are commonly found in muscles that are responsible for maintaining posture and performing repetitive, low-intensity activities, such as the back and calf muscles.

Analyze the areas mentioned in the question: The eye and hand muscles are designed for quick, precise movements rather than sustained activity, which means they are more likely to contain fast-twitch fibers. The chest and abdomen muscles may contain a mix of fiber types depending on their function.

Determine the area least likely to contain slow fibers: Based on the functional requirements of the eye and hand muscles, these areas are less likely to rely on slow fibers compared to the back and calf muscles or the chest and abdomen.

Conclude the reasoning: The eye and hand muscles are specialized for rapid, precise movements, making them areas where slow fibers would not be expected to dominate.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Muscle Fiber Types

Muscle fibers are categorized into two main types: slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II). Slow-twitch fibers are more efficient for endurance activities, utilizing oxygen for energy, while fast-twitch fibers are geared towards short bursts of power and speed. Understanding these types is crucial for identifying where they are typically found in the body.

Muscle Function and Location

Different muscles in the body serve specific functions based on their fiber composition. For instance, muscles involved in fine motor skills, like those in the eye and hand, tend to have a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers for quick, precise movements. In contrast, muscles that support endurance activities, such as those in the back and calf, are more likely to contain slow-twitch fibers.

Anatomical Considerations

Anatomical considerations refer to the structural and functional characteristics of muscles in various regions of the body. For example, the eye and hand muscles are designed for rapid, intricate movements, which typically require fast-twitch fibers. Recognizing these anatomical differences helps in understanding where slow fibers are less likely to be found.

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Textbook Question

After ACh attaches to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction, what is the next step?

a. Sodium channels open

b. Calcium binds to regulatory proteins on the thin filaments

c. Cross bridges attach

d. ATP is hydrolyzed

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Chemical A binds and blocks acetylcholine receptors of muscle cells. Chemical B floods the cytoplasm of muscle cells with calcium ions. Which chemical would make the best muscle relaxant, and why?

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What structural feature of a skeletal muscle fiber propagates action potentials into the interior of the cell?

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What forms of energy reserves do resting skeletal muscle fibers contain?

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For each portion of a myogram tracing a twitch in a stimulated calf muscle fiber, describe the events that occur within the muscle fiber.

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Textbook Question

Characteristics of isometric contractions include all but:

a. Shortening

b. Increased muscle tension throughout the contraction phase

c. Absence of shortening

d. Used in resistance training

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Define neuromuscular junction, motor unit, tetanus, graded response, aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, muscle fatigue, and neurotransmitter.

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