Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

22. The Respiratory System

Introduction to Lung Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology

22. The Respiratory System

Introduction to Lung Physiology

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Multiple Choice

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is:

Severe hypoxemia that is refractory to oxygen therapy

Wheezing and bronchospasm

Chronic hypercapnia

Productive cough with purulent sputum

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Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the condition described in the problem, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a severe lung condition characterized by widespread inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange.

Step 2: Review the hallmark manifestation of ARDS. The key feature of ARDS is severe hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) that does not improve with supplemental oxygen therapy. This occurs because the alveoli are filled with fluid, preventing oxygen from effectively diffusing into the bloodstream.

Step 3: Analyze the options provided in the problem. Severe hypoxemia refractory to oxygen therapy aligns with the hallmark manifestation of ARDS. The other options, such as wheezing and bronchospasm, chronic hypercapnia, and productive cough with purulent sputum, are more characteristic of other respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pneumonia.

Step 4: Eliminate incorrect options based on the pathophysiology of ARDS. Wheezing and bronchospasm are typically associated with airway obstruction, not ARDS. Chronic hypercapnia (elevated CO2 levels) is more common in chronic respiratory diseases. A productive cough with purulent sputum is indicative of infection, such as pneumonia, rather than ARDS.

Step 5: Conclude that the hallmark manifestation of ARDS is severe hypoxemia that is refractory to oxygen therapy, as this is the defining feature of the condition based on its pathophysiology.