Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

25. The Urinary System

Renal Physiology Step 1: Glomerular Filtration

Anatomy & Physiology

25. The Urinary System

Renal Physiology Step 1: Glomerular Filtration

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3:39 minutes

Problem 23

Textbook Question

Contrast the following homeostatic imbalances: oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia.

Verified step by step guidance

Define oliguria: Oliguria refers to a condition where urine output is abnormally low, typically less than 400 mL per day in adults. This can result from dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or obstruction in the urinary tract.

Define anuria: Anuria is a more severe condition than oliguria, characterized by the complete absence or near absence of urine production, typically less than 100 mL per day. It is often associated with acute kidney failure or severe obstruction in the urinary system.

Define polyuria: Polyuria is the excessive production and excretion of urine, typically more than 2.5 liters per day in adults. It can be caused by conditions such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or excessive fluid intake.

Define nocturia: Nocturia refers to the frequent need to wake up during the night to urinate. It can result from conditions such as an overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or underlying systemic issues like heart failure or diabetes.

Contrast the terms: Oliguria and anuria both involve reduced urine output, with anuria being more severe. Polyuria is the opposite, involving excessive urine production. Nocturia is distinct as it specifically refers to nighttime urination, which may or may not involve abnormal urine volume.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. This involves regulating various physiological parameters, such as fluid balance, temperature, and pH levels. Understanding homeostasis is crucial for analyzing how imbalances like oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia disrupt normal bodily functions.

Renal Function

Renal function pertains to the kidneys' ability to filter blood, remove waste, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The kidneys play a vital role in producing urine, and any dysfunction can lead to conditions like oliguria (low urine output) or anuria (no urine output). Recognizing how renal function affects urine production is essential for contrasting these imbalances.

Urine Output Variations

Urine output variations, including oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia, represent different states of kidney function and fluid balance. Oliguria indicates reduced urine output, anuria signifies a complete lack of urine, polyuria involves excessive urine production, and nocturia refers to frequent urination at night. Understanding these terms helps in diagnosing underlying health issues and their implications for homeostasis.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:

a. Renal clearance

b. Plasma creatinine

c. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

d. Inulin estimation

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Textbook Question

What might it mean if you found a high concentration of urobilinogen in your patient's urine? (Hint: Consider the source of urobilinogen.)

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Textbook Question

Patty, aged 55, is awakened by excruciating pain that radiates from her right abdomen to the loin and groin regions on the same side. The pain is not continuous but recurs at intervals of 3 to 4 minutes. Diagnose her problem, and cite factors that might favor its occurrence.

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Textbook Question

While repairing a frayed utility wire, Kevin, an experienced lineman, slips and falls to the ground. Medical examination reveals a fracture of his lower spine and transection of the lumbar region of the spinal cord. How will Kevin's micturition be controlled from this point on? Will he ever again feel the need to void? Will there be dribbling of urine between voidings? Explain the reasoning behind all your responses.

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Textbook Question

Describe the changes that occur in kidney and bladder function in old age.

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Multiple Choice

Where does glomerular filtration occur in the kidney?

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Multiple Choice

In which part of the nephron does the filtration of blood occur?