Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Chemiosmosis

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Chemiosmosis

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2:01 minutes

Problem 15

Textbook Question

Continue your comparison of electron transport and chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In each case,a. where do the electrons come from?b. how do the electrons get their high potential energy?c. what picks up the electrons at the end of the chain?d. how is the energy released as electrons are transferred down the electron transport chain used?

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the source of electrons in mitochondria: Electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain come from NADH and FADH2, which are produced during glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta-oxidation.

Identify the source of electrons in chloroplasts: In chloroplasts, electrons originate from water molecules, which are split during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Explain how electrons gain high potential energy in mitochondria: Electrons gain high potential energy through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, which are high-energy electron carriers.

Explain how electrons gain high potential energy in chloroplasts: In chloroplasts, electrons gain high potential energy when they are excited by photons absorbed by chlorophyll during the light-dependent reactions.

Describe the final electron acceptors: In mitochondria, the final electron acceptor is oxygen, forming water. In chloroplasts, the final electron acceptor is NADP+, forming NADPH.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The Electron Transport Chain is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. It facilitates the transfer of electrons derived from electron donors like NADH and FADH2 in mitochondria, and from water in chloroplasts. As electrons move through the chain, they release energy, which is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is produced using the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane. In both mitochondria and chloroplasts, the flow of protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase drives the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. This process is essential for energy production in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

High Potential Energy of Electrons

Electrons gain high potential energy through various processes, such as the absorption of light energy in chloroplasts or the oxidation of substrates in mitochondria. In chloroplasts, light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, while in mitochondria, electrons are derived from the breakdown of glucose. This high potential energy is crucial for driving the electron transport chain and ultimately synthesizing ATP.