Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Enzymes

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Enzymes

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2:52 minutes

Problem 24

Textbook Question

Some antibiotics act by binding to certain essential enzymes in the target bacteria.
How might these antibiotics influence the chemical reactions controlled by the enzymes?
What is the anticipated effect on the bacteria? On the person taking the antibiotic prescription?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the role of enzymes in chemical reactions. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. In bacteria, these enzymes are essential for processes like cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, and energy production.

Step 2: Analyze how antibiotics interact with bacterial enzymes. Some antibiotics work by binding to the active site or allosteric site of bacterial enzymes, preventing them from functioning properly. This inhibition disrupts the enzyme's ability to catalyze its specific reaction, effectively halting critical metabolic processes in the bacteria.

Step 3: Determine the effect on the bacteria. When essential enzymes are inhibited, the bacteria cannot perform vital functions such as building their cell walls or replicating their DNA. This leads to bacterial death or an inability to reproduce, effectively stopping the infection.

Step 4: Consider the effect on the person taking the antibiotic. Antibiotics are designed to target bacterial enzymes specifically, minimizing harm to human cells. However, side effects may occur if the antibiotic affects beneficial bacteria in the body (e.g., gut microbiota) or if the person has an allergic reaction to the medication.

Step 5: Reflect on the importance of proper antibiotic use. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria evolve mechanisms to evade the effects of the drug. This highlights the need for responsible prescription and adherence to treatment guidelines.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Enzyme Inhibition

Enzyme inhibition occurs when a molecule, such as an antibiotic, binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. This can happen through competitive inhibition, where the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site, or non-competitive inhibition, where the inhibitor binds to a different site, altering the enzyme's function. By inhibiting essential enzymes, antibiotics disrupt the normal biochemical pathways in bacteria.

Antibiotic Mechanism of Action

Antibiotics can target specific bacterial processes, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid replication. By binding to essential enzymes involved in these processes, antibiotics can effectively halt bacterial growth or kill the bacteria. Understanding the mechanism of action helps predict the effectiveness of the antibiotic and the potential for resistance development.

Impact on Host and Microbiome

While antibiotics target bacteria, they can also affect the host's microbiome, which consists of beneficial bacteria. Disruption of the microbiome can lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal issues or opportunistic infections. Additionally, the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infections can influence the overall health of the person taking them, highlighting the importance of responsible antibiotic use.

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