Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Anatomy & Physiology

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Acid-Base Balance

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Problem 16e

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
e. You would expect to find an elevated Pco₂ in arterial blood gas analysis of a patient with respiratory acidosis.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of respiratory acidosis: Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the body, leading to an accumulation of CO₂ in the blood. This results in a decrease in blood pH, making it more acidic.

Recall the relationship between Pco₂ and respiratory acidosis: In respiratory acidosis, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco₂) in the blood is elevated because the body is unable to exhale CO₂ effectively.

Analyze the statement: The statement claims that you would expect to find an elevated Pco₂ in arterial blood gas analysis of a patient with respiratory acidosis. Based on the definition and mechanism of respiratory acidosis, this is consistent with the condition.

Determine the truth of the statement: Since elevated Pco₂ is a hallmark of respiratory acidosis, the statement is true.

Conclude: No correction is needed for this statement as it accurately describes the expected finding in respiratory acidosis.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory acidosis is a condition characterized by an increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood due to inadequate ventilation. This leads to a decrease in blood pH, making it more acidic. It can result from various factors, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, or respiratory muscle weakness.

Pco₂ (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide)

Pco₂ refers to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, which is a critical parameter in assessing respiratory function. Elevated Pco₂ levels indicate hypoventilation or impaired gas exchange, which is commonly seen in respiratory acidosis. Normal arterial Pco₂ levels range from 35 to 45 mmHg, with values above this range indicating respiratory acidosis.

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is a diagnostic test that measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the pH of arterial blood. It provides essential information about a patient's respiratory and metabolic status. In cases of respiratory acidosis, ABG results typically show elevated Pco₂, decreased pH, and may also indicate compensatory metabolic changes.

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation.

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Renal compensation for acid-base disturbances begins within minutes, whereas respiratory compensation begins within several hours.

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis consists of hypoventilation.

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

d. Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis consists of reabsorption of hydrogen ions and secretion of bicarbonate ions.

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Textbook Question

Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by an increased level of ketone bodies, which causes metabolic acidosis. A patient in diabetic ketoacidosis will have an altered rate of ventilation. Will the patient be hyperventilating or hypoventilating? How will a change in the rate and depth of ventilation compensate for an acidosis that is metabolic in nature?

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Textbook Question

Elise Anderson is a 6-year-old girl who presents to the emergency department with a history of vomiting for the past 3 days. The nurse notices that her respiratory rate is abnormally low. What is the likely reason for this change in ventilation? Predict what Elise's arterial blood gas values would show.

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Textbook Question

Ms. Johanssen is a patient in the hospital. The nurse examines her laboratory reports and notices that she has developed hyperkalemia and acidosis over the past several days. On closer examination of her medical chart, the nurse also sees that her physician recently doubled her dose of spironolactone, an aldosterone-blocking diuretic. How does this explain her laboratory findings?

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Textbook Question

A laboratory printout of arterial blood gases indicates that a patient has an increased Pco₂ , decreased pH, and normal bicarbonate ion concentration. Is this patient in acidosis or alkalosis? Is the pH disturbance respiratory or metabolic in nature? Explain your reasoning. How long do you think the patient has had this pH disturbance? (Hint: Look at the bicarbonate ion concentration. What system controls the concentration of bicarbonate ions, and how quickly does it compensate for pH disturbances?)

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.e. You would expect to find an elevated Pco₂ in arterial blood gas analysis of a patient with respiratory acidosis.

Key Concepts

Respiratory Acidosis

Pco₂ (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide)

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

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Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
e. You would expect to find an elevated Pco₂ in arterial blood gas analysis of a patient with respiratory acidosis.