If symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease appear, which part of the midbrain is inhibited from secreting a neurotransmitter? Which neurotransmitter is it?

a. Define cerebrovascular accident or CVA.

b. Describe its possible causes and consequences.

A cerebrovascular accident occurs when

(a) The reticular activating system fails to function

(b) The prefrontal lobe is damaged

(c) The blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off

(d) A descending tract in the spinal cord is severed

(e) Brainstem nuclei hypersecrete dopamine

A semiconscious young woman is brought to the hospital by friends after falling from a roof. She did not lose consciousness immediately, and she was initially lucid. After a while, though, she became confused and then unresponsive. What is a likely explanation of her condition?

Mrs. Chen, a new mother, brings her infant to the clinic because he has suffered repeated seizures. When questioned, she states that her labor was unusually long and difficult. What condition do you suspect? Will the infant's condition worsen?

Infants have little to no control of the movements of their head. One of the consequences of this is that they are susceptible to shaken baby syndrome, caused by vigorous shaking of an infant or young child by the arms, legs, chest, or shoulders. Forceful shaking can cause brain damage leading to mental retardation, speech and learning disabilities, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss, and even death. Damage to which areas of the brain would account for the clinical signs observed in this syndrome?

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are found at the segmental level of motor control.

a. What is the job of the CPGs?

b. What controls them, and where is this control localized?

Describe the spinal cord, depicting its extent, its composition of gray and white matter, and its spinal roots.

Proceeding deep from the most superficial structure, number the following in the correct sequence:

(a) _____ walls of vertebral canal

(b) _____ dura mater

(c) _____ subdural space

(d) _____ epidural space

(e) _____ pia mater

(f) _____ arachnoid membrane

(g) _____ subarachnoid space

(h) _____ spinal cord