Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Post-Translational Modification

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Post-Translational Modification

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Problem 16

Textbook Question

Number the following steps of protein synthesis in the order in which they occur, starting with 1 and ending with 9.
a. ___The stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released.
b. _The small ribosomal subunit finds the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins.
c. _The end of the gene is reached, and the pre-mRNA is released and then edited.
d. _The transcription factor binds the promoter.
e. _The protein is folded and modified to become functional.
f. _ RNA polymerase builds the mRNA transcript.
g. _mRNA and initiator tRNA bind the small ribosomal subunit.
h. _ New tRNAs are brought into the A site successively, and the peptide chain of the tRNA in the P site is joined to the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site.
i. ____mRNA exits the nucleus via a nuclear pore.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Begin by understanding that protein synthesis involves two main processes: transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Step 2: Identify the steps related to transcription. These include: (d) The transcription factor binds the promoter, (f) RNA polymerase builds the mRNA transcript, and (c) The end of the gene is reached, and the pre-mRNA is released and then edited.

Step 3: Recognize that after transcription, the mRNA exits the nucleus. This corresponds to step (i) mRNA exits the nucleus via a nuclear pore.

Step 4: Transition to translation, which begins with (g) mRNA and initiator tRNA binding the small ribosomal subunit, followed by (b) The small ribosomal subunit finding the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joining.

Step 5: Complete translation by ordering the remaining steps: (h) New tRNAs are brought into the A site successively, and the peptide chain of the tRNA in the P site is joined to the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site, (a) The stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released, and finally (e) The protein is folded and modified to become functional.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is the biological process through which cells generate proteins. It involves two main stages: transcription, where DNA is converted into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Understanding this process is crucial for sequencing the steps correctly.

Transcription

Transcription is the first step of protein synthesis, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA. This process begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene, leading to the synthesis of a pre-mRNA strand. The pre-mRNA undergoes editing before it exits the nucleus, making it essential to recognize its role in the overall sequence of protein synthesis.

Translation

Translation is the second stage of protein synthesis, occurring in the ribosome, where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain. This process involves the binding of tRNA molecules to the mRNA, facilitating the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide. Key steps include the initiation of translation, elongation through successive tRNA binding, and termination upon reaching a stop codon, which is vital for understanding the order of events in the question.

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