Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

13. The Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality

Anatomy & Physiology

13. The Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory Receptor Classification by Modality

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Problem 13

Textbook Question

What three steps are necessary for transduction to occur?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand that transduction refers to the process by which a sensory receptor converts a stimulus into an electrical signal that can be interpreted by the nervous system.

Step 1: Stimulus detection - A specific sensory receptor detects a stimulus (e.g., light for photoreceptors, sound waves for mechanoreceptors, or chemical molecules for chemoreceptors). The receptor must be specialized to respond to the type of stimulus presented.

Step 2: Conversion of the stimulus into a receptor potential - The sensory receptor transforms the detected stimulus into a graded electrical signal called a receptor potential. This involves ion channels opening or closing, leading to changes in the membrane potential of the receptor cell.

Step 3: Generation of an action potential - If the receptor potential is strong enough to reach the threshold, it triggers an action potential in the sensory neuron. This action potential propagates along the neuron to the central nervous system for processing.

Recognize that these steps are essential for the nervous system to perceive and respond to external or internal stimuli effectively.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Stimulus Reception

The first step in transduction involves the detection of a stimulus by sensory receptors. These receptors are specialized cells that respond to specific types of stimuli, such as light, sound, or touch. When a stimulus is received, it generates a change in the receptor's membrane potential, initiating the transduction process.

Signal Transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which the sensory receptor converts the physical stimulus into an electrical signal. This involves a series of biochemical events, often including the activation of ion channels and the generation of action potentials. The electrical signal is then transmitted along sensory neurons toward the central nervous system for further processing.

Perception

The final step in transduction is perception, where the brain interprets the electrical signals received from sensory neurons. This interpretation allows individuals to consciously experience and understand the stimulus, such as recognizing a sound or seeing a color. Perception is influenced by various factors, including past experiences and context.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Match the receptor type in column B to the correct description in column A.

Column A

______ (1) Pain, itch, and temperature receptors

______ (2) Contains intrafusal fibers and anulospiral and flower spray endings

______ (3) Discriminative touch receptor in hairless skin (fingertips)

______ (4) Contains receptor endings wrapped around thick collagen bundles

______ (5) Rapidly adapting deep-pressure receptor

______ (6) Slowly adapting deep-pressure receptor

Column B

a. Bulbous corpuscles

b. Tendon organ

c. Muscle spindle

d. Free nerve endings

e. Lamellar corpuscle

f. Tactile corpuscle

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Textbook Question

The CNS interprets information entirely on the basis of the

(a) Number of action potentials that it receives

(b) Kind of action potentials that it receives

(d) Intensity of the sensory stimulus

(e) Number of sensory receptors that are stimulated

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Textbook Question

Identify six types of tactile receptors located in the skin, and describe their sensitivities.

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Textbook Question

What three types of mechanoreceptors respond to stretching, compression, twisting, or other distortions of their plasma membrane?

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Textbook Question

All of the following descriptions refer to dorsal column–medial lemniscal ascending pathways except one:

a. They include the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus.

b. They include a chain of three neurons.

c. Their connections are diffuse and poorly localized.

d. They are concerned with precise transmission of one or a few related types of sensory input.

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Textbook Question

Differentiate between a tonic receptor and a phasic receptor.

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Textbook Question

Differentiate clearly between sensation and perception.

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Textbook Question

Characterize each receptor activity described below by choosing the appropriate letter and number(s) from keys A and B.

_____ , _____ (1) You are enjoying an ice cream cone.

_____ , _____ (2) You have just scalded yourself with hot coffee.

_____ , _____ (3) The retinas of your eyes are stimulated.

_____ , _____ (4) You bump (lightly) into someone.

_____ , _____ (5) You are in a completely dark room and reaching toward the light switch.

_____ , _____ (6) You feel uncomfortable after a large meal.

Key A:

a. Exteroceptor

b. Interoceptor

c. Proprioceptor

Key B:

(1) Chemoreceptor

(2) Mechanoreceptor

(3) Nociceptor

(4) Photoreceptor

(5) Thermoreceptor

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