Textbook Question
What physiological activities distinguish non-REM sleep from REM sleep?
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Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Martini, Nath, Bartholomew 11th EditionCh. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order FunctionsProblem 7
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew 11th EditionCh. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order FunctionsProblem 7Chapter 16, Problem 7
Which four ganglia serve as origins for postganglionic fibers involved in control of visceral structures in the head?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the role of ganglia in the autonomic nervous system. Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies where preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons. In the head, specific ganglia serve as relay points for postganglionic fibers controlling visceral structures.
Step 2: Recall that the autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, each with distinct ganglia. The question focuses on ganglia that give rise to postganglionic fibers controlling visceral structures in the head, which are primarily parasympathetic ganglia.
Step 3: Identify the four main parasympathetic ganglia in the head: the ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion, and otic ganglion. Each of these ganglia is associated with specific cranial nerves and target organs.
Step 4: Review the functions and connections of each ganglion: the ciliary ganglion controls the eye muscles; the pterygopalatine ganglion controls lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa; the submandibular ganglion controls salivary glands; and the otic ganglion controls the parotid salivary gland.
Step 5: Summarize that these four ganglia serve as origins for postganglionic fibers that innervate various visceral structures in the head, completing the pathway from preganglionic neurons to target tissues.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Ganglia
Ganglia in the ANS are clusters of nerve cell bodies where preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons. These ganglia serve as relay points for transmitting nerve signals to target organs, especially in controlling involuntary functions like those of visceral structures.
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Postganglionic Fibers
Postganglionic fibers are nerve fibers that extend from autonomic ganglia to the target organs. They carry signals that regulate functions such as gland secretion, blood vessel constriction, and muscle control in visceral structures, particularly in the head region.
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Cranial Autonomic Ganglia in the Head
The four main cranial ganglia serving as origins for postganglionic fibers controlling head viscera are the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. Each is associated with specific cranial nerves and controls different visceral functions like pupil constriction, lacrimation, salivation, and blood flow.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What are the components of a visceral reflex arc?
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Textbook Question
A progressive disorder characterized by the loss of higher-order cerebral functions is
(a) Parkinson's disease
(b) Parasomnia
(c) Huntington's disease
(d) Alzheimer's disease
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Textbook Question
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the ANS include
(a) Dilation of the pupils
(b) Increased secretion by digestive glands
(c) Dilation of respiratory passages
(d) Increased heart rate
(e) Increased breakdown of glycogen by the liver
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Textbook Question
Starting in the spinal cord, trace an action potential through the sympathetic division of the ANS until it reaches a target organ in the abdominopelvic region.
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Textbook Question
What cellular mechanisms identified in animal studies are thought to be involved in memory formation and storage?
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