Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Central Dogma

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Central Dogma

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2:13 minutes

Problem 15

Textbook Question

Complementary base pairing in DNA includes the pairs
(a) Adenine–uracil and cytosine–guanine
(b) Adenine–thymine and cytosine–guanine
(c) Adenine–guanine and cytosine–thymine
(d) Guanine–uracil and cytosine–thymine

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of complementary base pairing in DNA. DNA is composed of two strands that form a double helix, and the bases on one strand pair with specific bases on the other strand through hydrogen bonding.

Recall the four nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair in a specific manner to maintain the structure of the DNA molecule.

Learn the rules of complementary base pairing: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds.

Note that uracil (U) is not found in DNA; it is present in RNA instead, where it replaces thymine (T). Therefore, any pairing involving uracil is incorrect for DNA.

Evaluate the options provided in the problem based on the rules of complementary base pairing in DNA. The correct answer will involve adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Complementary Base Pairing

Complementary base pairing refers to the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G). In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (A-U) instead of thymine. This pairing is crucial for the stability of the DNA double helix and for accurate replication and transcription processes.

Nitrogenous Bases

Nitrogenous bases are the building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. The four main bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U). The sequence of these bases encodes genetic information, and their specific pairing is essential for maintaining the structure and function of nucleic acids.

DNA Structure

DNA has a double helix structure, consisting of two strands that wind around each other. Each strand is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases that extend inward. The complementary base pairing between A-T and C-G allows the strands to connect and stabilize the helical structure. Understanding this structure is fundamental to grasping how genetic information is stored and transmitted.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Describe the process by which the information in a eukaryotic gene is transcribed and translated into a protein. Correctly use these words in your description: tRNA, amino acid, start codon, transcription, RNA splicing, exons, introns, mRNA, gene, codon, RNA polymerase, ribosome, translation, anticodon, peptide bond, stop codon.

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Textbook Question

The base sequence of the gene coding for a short polypeptide is CTACGCTAGGCGATTGACT. What would be the base sequence of the mRNA transcribed from this gene? Using the genetic code, give the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from this mRNA. (Hint: What is the start codon?)

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Textbook Question

A popular science fiction program once had an episode that featured an 'intron virus' that 'turned on' the introns in the genes, causing the synthesis of abnormal proteins. The episode may have been entertaining, but its premise had a large flaw about the nature of introns. What was the flaw?

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Textbook Question

Each of the following statements about protein synthesis is false. Correct each to make a true statement.

A transcription factor must bind to the promoter region of a gene before the enzyme DNA synthetase is able to bind and begin transcription.

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Textbook Question

a. What three basic components make up a nucleotide of DNA?

Textbook Question

b. What three basic components make up a nucleotide of RNA?

Multiple Choice

According to the central dogma, what is the intermediate molecule involved in the flow of information in a cell that should go in the blank? DNA → ________ → Proteins

The full process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is called: