Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

14. The Autonomic Nervous System

Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System

Anatomy & Physiology

14. The Autonomic Nervous System

Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System

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Problem 17d

Textbook Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
d. The crossed-extension reflex occurs simultaneously with the simple stretch reflex.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the definitions of the reflexes mentioned: The crossed-extension reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that helps maintain balance by extending the opposite limb when the other limb is withdrawn. The simple stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that responds to muscle stretch to maintain muscle length and posture.

Analyze the timing of these reflexes: The crossed-extension reflex typically occurs in response to a noxious stimulus (e.g., stepping on something sharp) and is part of a withdrawal reflex. The simple stretch reflex, on the other hand, is triggered by muscle stretch and is not directly related to noxious stimuli.

Determine if these reflexes are functionally linked: The crossed-extension reflex is associated with the withdrawal reflex, not the simple stretch reflex. They serve different purposes and are not simultaneous processes.

Evaluate the statement: Since the crossed-extension reflex and the simple stretch reflex are not directly connected and do not occur simultaneously, the statement is false.

Correct the false statement: The crossed-extension reflex occurs simultaneously with the withdrawal reflex, not the simple stretch reflex.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Crossed-Extension Reflex

The crossed-extension reflex is a protective response that occurs when one limb is withdrawn from a painful stimulus, causing the opposite limb to extend. This reflex helps maintain balance and stability during withdrawal from harmful stimuli. It is a polysynaptic reflex, meaning it involves multiple synapses and neurons, allowing for coordinated movement across different parts of the body.

Simple Stretch Reflex

The simple stretch reflex, also known as the monosynaptic reflex, occurs when a muscle is stretched and responds by contracting. This reflex is mediated by a direct connection between sensory neurons and motor neurons in the spinal cord, allowing for a quick response to maintain posture and muscle tone. An example is the knee-jerk reflex, where tapping the patellar tendon causes the quadriceps to contract.

Reflex Arc

A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action. It typically involves a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center (often in the spinal cord), motor neuron, and an effector (muscle or gland). Understanding the reflex arc is crucial for distinguishing between different types of reflexes, such as monosynaptic and polysynaptic, and their respective roles in the body's response to stimuli.

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Under which of the following circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be greatest?

(a) Increased sympathetic stimulation

(b) Decreased sympathetic stimulation

(d) Decreased parasympathetic stimulation

(e) Both increased parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

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The condition known as shock is characterized in part by a decreased return of venous blood to the heart. How could an upsetting situation, such as the sight of a tragic accident or very bad news, produce some temporary symptoms of shock?

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Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive functions is carried out by the:

a. Somatic motor division of the peripheral nervous system.

b. Central nervous system.

c. Visceral sensory division of the peripheral nervous system.

d. Autonomic nervous system.

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Differentiate between adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.