Scientific Thinking The study described in Module 8.10 was purely observational; there were no controlled groups. Imagine that you are an oncologist. Design a hypothesis-driven study to determine whether mastectomy improves breast cancer survival over lumpectomy. What are your control groups? Would such a study be ethical to undertake? Why or why not?

Hypothesis-driven research involves formulating a specific, testable statement predicting the relationship between variables. In the context of the study, the hypothesis would propose that mastectomy leads to better survival rates compared to lumpectomy. This approach allows researchers to design experiments that can confirm or refute the hypothesis through systematic observation and data collection.

Control groups are essential in experimental design as they provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group. In this study, one group would undergo mastectomy while the other would receive lumpectomy. This comparison helps isolate the effect of the surgical procedure on breast cancer survival, ensuring that any observed differences can be attributed to the type of surgery rather than other variables.

Ethical considerations in research involve evaluating the moral implications of conducting a study, particularly when it involves human subjects. In this case, the ethical dilemma arises from potentially withholding a treatment that may be more effective (mastectomy) from participants who could benefit from it. Researchers must weigh the potential benefits of the study against the risks and ethical obligations to protect participants' well-being.