Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Types of Phosphorylation

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Types of Phosphorylation

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Problem 1

Textbook Question

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is thea. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds.b. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain.c. H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase.d. transfer of phosphate to ADP.

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the process being discussed: oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the mitochondria.

Understand that ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Recognize that ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is driven by a proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

Recall that this proton gradient is established by the electron transport chain, which pumps protons across the membrane.

Conclude that the immediate energy source for ATP synthesis is the H+ concentration gradient across the membrane.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

ATP Synthase

ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). It operates by utilizing the energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient, which is established during oxidative phosphorylation, to drive the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons from electron donors like NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptors. This process releases energy, which is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.

Proton Gradient

A proton gradient refers to the difference in proton concentration across a membrane, which is crucial for ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation. The gradient is generated by the ETC as protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating potential energy that ATP synthase harnesses to convert ADP and Pi into ATP as protons flow back into the matrix.

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Multiple Choice

The largest amount of ATP made by cellular respiration is created by the process of ______________, in the _____________ steps of aerobic cellular respiration.

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