Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

15. The Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Anatomy & Physiology

15. The Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

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Problem 14

Textbook Question

Explain how sounds of different frequencies are detected in the cochlea.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of the cochlea: The cochlea is a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane, which plays a key role in detecting sound frequencies. It is filled with fluid and lined with hair cells that respond to vibrations.

Learn about the basilar membrane's frequency mapping: The basilar membrane is tonotopically organized, meaning different regions of the membrane respond to different frequencies. High-frequency sounds are detected near the base of the cochlea (closer to the oval window), while low-frequency sounds are detected near the apex (the tip of the spiral).

Explore the role of hair cells: Hair cells are sensory receptors located on the basilar membrane. When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the hair cells in the corresponding region are stimulated. These cells convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals.

Understand signal transmission: The electrical signals generated by the hair cells are transmitted to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brain, where they are interpreted as specific frequencies of sound.

Connect the concept to frequency discrimination: The ability to detect different frequencies is due to the precise mechanical properties of the basilar membrane and the specific activation of hair cells in distinct regions. This allows the cochlea to act as a frequency analyzer, separating sounds into their component frequencies.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Cochlea Structure

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that plays a crucial role in hearing. It contains the basilar membrane, which varies in width and stiffness along its length, allowing it to respond differently to various sound frequencies. High-frequency sounds stimulate the base of the cochlea, while low-frequency sounds affect the apex, enabling the detection of a wide range of pitches.

Frequency Encoding

Frequency encoding in the cochlea refers to the process by which different sound frequencies are translated into neural signals. This is achieved through a mechanism called tonotopic organization, where specific areas of the basilar membrane correspond to specific frequencies. As sound waves travel through the cochlear fluid, they cause the membrane to vibrate, activating hair cells that convert these vibrations into electrical impulses sent to the brain.

Hair Cells and Signal Transduction

Hair cells are the sensory receptors located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea. When sound vibrations cause the basilar membrane to move, the hair cells bend, leading to the opening of ion channels and the generation of electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as sound, allowing us to perceive different frequencies.