Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Steps of Translation

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Steps of Translation

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2:38 minutes

Problem 20

Textbook Question

Suppose that a DNA segment has the following nucleotide sequence:
CTC–ATA–CGA–TTC–AAG–TTA.
Which nucleotide sequences would a complementary mRNA strand have?
(a) GAG–UAU–GAU–AAC–UUG–AAU
(b) GAG–TAT–GCT–AAG–TTC–AAT
(c) GAG–UAU–GCU–AAG–UUC–AAU
(d) GUG–UAU–GGA–UUG–AAC–GGU

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the process of transcription, where a DNA sequence is converted into a complementary mRNA strand. In transcription, the base pairing rules are as follows: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA, Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A), Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Step 2: Analyze the given DNA sequence: CTC–ATA–CGA–TTC–AAG–TTA. For each triplet of DNA nucleotides, apply the base pairing rules to determine the complementary mRNA codons.

Step 3: Convert each DNA triplet into its complementary mRNA codon: For example, CTC in DNA becomes GAG in mRNA, ATA becomes UAU, CGA becomes GCU, TTC becomes AAG, AAG becomes UUC, and TTA becomes AAU.

Step 4: Compare the resulting mRNA sequence with the provided options (a, b, c, d). Ensure that the sequence matches the correct complementary mRNA strand based on the transcription rules.

Step 5: Verify the correct answer by ensuring that the mRNA sequence adheres to the base pairing rules and matches the DNA sequence provided. The correct mRNA sequence should be consistent with the transcription process.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

DNA and RNA Structure

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids composed of nucleotide sequences. DNA consists of deoxyribonucleotides, while RNA is made of ribonucleotides. The key difference is that RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), and the sugar in RNA is ribose, whereas in DNA it is deoxyribose. Understanding these structural differences is essential for determining complementary sequences.

Complementary Base Pairing

Complementary base pairing refers to the specific pairing of nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA. In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (U) instead of thymine. This principle is crucial for transcribing DNA sequences into mRNA, as it dictates how the bases will pair during the synthesis of the complementary strand.

Transcription Process

Transcription is the biological process where a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand by matching RNA nucleotides to the DNA bases according to the rules of complementary base pairing. Understanding this process is vital for determining the correct mRNA sequence from a given DNA template.

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