Textbook Question
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n):
a. Eosinophil
b. Cytotoxic T cell
c. Natural killer cell
d. Helper T cell
e. B cell
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21. The Immune System
Immune Tolerance
Problem 27
Textbook Question
While walking along the street, you and your friend see an elderly woman whose left arm appears to be swollen to several times its normal size. Your friend wonders aloud what might be its cause. You say that it may be likely that the woman had a radical mastectomy (the removal of a breast because of cancer). Explain the rationale behind your answer.
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Understand the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system: The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess interstitial fluid from tissues and returning it to the bloodstream. It also plays a role in immune defense. Lymph nodes and vessels are distributed throughout the body, including the axillary region near the breasts.
Learn about radical mastectomy and its impact: A radical mastectomy involves the removal of the breast tissue, underlying chest muscles, and nearby lymph nodes to treat or prevent the spread of breast cancer. The removal of lymph nodes disrupts the normal flow of lymphatic fluid in the affected area.
Explain the connection to lymphedema: When lymph nodes are removed, the lymphatic drainage in the arm on the same side can be impaired. This can lead to an accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues, causing swelling, a condition known as lymphedema.
Relate the observation to the condition: The elderly woman's swollen left arm could be a result of lymphedema caused by the removal of lymph nodes during a radical mastectomy. This is a common complication following such surgeries.
Discuss the importance of management: Lymphedema can be managed through physical therapy, compression garments, and other interventions to reduce swelling and improve lymphatic drainage. Understanding this helps explain the rationale behind the observed swelling.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Radical Mastectomy
A radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of one breast along with surrounding tissue, including lymph nodes. This surgery is often performed to treat breast cancer and can lead to complications such as lymphedema, which is the swelling of the arm due to fluid buildup when lymph nodes are removed or damaged.
Lymphedema
Lymphedema is a condition characterized by swelling, typically in the arms or legs, caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system. After a radical mastectomy, the removal of lymph nodes can disrupt normal lymphatic drainage, leading to fluid accumulation and significant swelling in the affected arm.
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Post-Surgical Complications
Post-surgical complications refer to adverse effects that can occur following a surgical procedure. In the context of a radical mastectomy, complications may include infection, pain, and lymphedema, which can significantly impact a patient's recovery and quality of life. Understanding these complications helps in recognizing the signs and providing appropriate care.
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