You arrive on the scene where a person without a pulse was found. Someone on the scene performed CPR, but the individual unfortunately could not be revived. On postmortem examination, it is discovered that several ribs and the xiphoid process were fractured. What likely caused these fractures?

CPR is a lifesaving technique used in emergencies when someone's heartbeat or breathing has stopped. It involves chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain blood flow and oxygenation to vital organs. While effective in many cases, improper technique or excessive force during CPR can lead to injuries, such as rib fractures.

Rib fractures occur when the rib bones are subjected to excessive force, often resulting from trauma or medical procedures like CPR. These fractures can be painful and may lead to complications such as punctured lungs or internal bleeding. In the context of CPR, the force applied during chest compressions can exceed the structural limits of the ribs, especially in older adults or those with weakened bones.

The xiphoid process is the small, cartilaginous extension at the lower end of the sternum. It serves as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments. During CPR, if compressions are applied too low on the chest, there is a risk of fracturing the xiphoid process, which can cause additional injury to the surrounding organs and tissues.