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Pancreas quiz #1

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  • What are the main components of pancreatic juice, and what roles do they play in digestion?
    Pancreatic juice contains water, inactive digestive enzymes (amylase, proteases, lipases, nucleases), and bicarbonate. The enzymes digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids, while bicarbonate neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach, creating an optimal environment for enzyme activity.
  • Why are pancreatic enzymes released in an inactive form, and how are they activated?
    Pancreatic enzymes are released in an inactive form to prevent the pancreas from digesting itself. They become activated in the duodenum, where specific enzymes convert them to their active forms upon mixing with chyme.
  • Describe the gross anatomical regions of the pancreas and the function of the pancreatic duct.
    The pancreas has three main regions: the head (rounded, medial, near the duodenum), the body (middle section), and the tail (pointy, lateral end). The central pancreatic duct runs through the pancreas, carrying pancreatic juice to the small intestine.
  • What is the function of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?
    Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach, raising the pH in the duodenum to protect the small intestine and provide optimal conditions for digestive enzymes.
  • What are acini and acinar cells in the pancreas, and what do they secrete?
    Acini are clusters of secretory cells in the pancreas, and acinar cells within them secrete inactive digestive enzymes into ducts that lead to the pancreatic duct.
  • What is the role of duct cells in the pancreas?
    Duct cells line the ducts of the pancreas and secrete water and bicarbonate, contributing to the volume and alkalinity of pancreatic juice.
  • What are the main components of pancreatic juice, and what roles do they play in digestion?
    Pancreatic juice contains water, inactive digestive enzymes (amylase, proteases, lipases, nucleases), and bicarbonate. The enzymes digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids, while bicarbonate neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach.
  • Why are pancreatic enzymes released in an inactive form, and how are they activated?
    Pancreatic enzymes are released in an inactive form to prevent the pancreas from digesting itself. They are activated in the duodenum, where specific enzymes convert them to their active forms upon mixing with chyme.
  • Describe the gross anatomical regions of the pancreas and the function of the pancreatic duct.
    The pancreas has three main regions: the head (rounded, medial, near the duodenum), the body (middle section), and the tail (pointy, lateral end). The central pancreatic duct runs through the pancreas, carrying pancreatic juice to the small intestine.
  • What is the function of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?
    Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach, raising the pH in the duodenum. This protects the small intestine and provides optimal conditions for digestive enzymes.
  • Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
    The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
  • Which organ in the digestive system produces both hormones and digestive enzymes?
    The pancreas produces both hormones (endocrine function) and digestive enzymes (exocrine function).
  • Which organ produces a variety of digestive enzymes for the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids?
    The pancreas produces a variety of digestive enzymes, including amylase, proteases, lipases, and nucleases.
  • What regulates the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes?
    Pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by hormonal and neural signals in response to the presence of food in the small intestine.
  • Which hormones are secreted by the pancreas?
    The pancreas secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
  • Which gland in the body functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
    The pancreas functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
  • Which cells in the pancreas produce hormones that regulate blood sugar?
    The pancreatic islet cells (also known as islets of Langerhans) produce hormones that regulate blood sugar.
  • Which hormone is not produced by the pancreas: insulin, glucagon, or thyroxine?
    Thyroxine is not produced by the pancreas; it is produced by the thyroid gland.
  • Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
    Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
  • Which hormone is released by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose?
    The pancreas releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose.
  • What is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps control blood sugar levels?
    Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps control blood sugar levels.
  • What forms the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
    The endocrine portion of the pancreas is formed by the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans).
  • What regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
    The secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas is regulated by hormonal and neural signals in response to food entering the small intestine.
  • What cells in the pancreas produce hormones to regulate blood sugar?
    The islet cells (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas produce hormones to regulate blood sugar.
  • What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?
    The endocrine portion of the pancreas is called the pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans.
  • When blood glucose concentration falls, which pancreatic hormone is secreted?
    When blood glucose concentration falls, the pancreas secretes glucagon.
  • What does the pancreas secrete when blood glucose rises?
    When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes insulin.
  • Name a pancreatic hormone that supports blood glucose levels.
    Glucagon is a pancreatic hormone that supports blood glucose levels by increasing blood sugar when it is low.