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Anatomy & Physiology: Body Organization, Anatomical Terminology, and Skeletal System

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  • What are the hierarchical levels of organization in the human body?
    Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.
  • Name three functions of the integumentary system.
    Protection against environmental hazards, temperature regulation, and sensory reception.
  • What organs are included in the skeletal system and what are its main functions?
    Bones, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow; supports and protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
  • Define the anatomical position.
    Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
  • What does 'supine' and 'prone' mean in anatomical terms?
    Supine: lying face up; Prone: lying face down.
  • List the four abdominopelvic quadrants.
    Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).
  • What are the three main sectional planes of the body?
    Frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal) planes.
  • What is the function of serous membranes in body cavities?
    They reduce friction by producing serous fluid; parietal layer lines the cavity, visceral layer covers the organ.
  • Name the three major sutures of the skull.
    Sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures.
  • What is the function of the auditory ossicles?
    Transfer sound vibrations from the eardrum to the internal ear.
  • What bones form the axial skeleton?
    Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
  • What are the primary and secondary spinal curves?
    Primary curves: thoracic and sacral (present at birth); Secondary curves: cervical and lumbar (develop after birth).
  • What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?
    Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina; thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs; lumbar vertebrae are larger for weight bearing.
  • What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
    Clavicle and scapula.
  • What bones form the pelvic girdle?
    Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • What are the true, false, and floating ribs?
    True ribs (1–7) attach directly to sternum; false ribs (8–10) attach indirectly; floating ribs (11–12) do not attach to sternum.
  • What is the function of the hyoid bone?
    Supports the larynx and attaches muscles of the tongue and pharynx.
  • What is the role of fontanelles in the infant skull?
    Areas of fibrous connective tissue that allow skull flexibility during birth and rapid brain growth.
  • What are the directional terms 'proximal' and 'distal' used to describe?
    Proximal: closer to the point of attachment; Distal: farther from the point of attachment.
  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?
    Defends against infection and returns fluids to the bloodstream.