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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Biology, Tissues, and Bone Structure

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  • What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
  • Function of the plasma membrane
    The plasma membrane is the boundary of the cell that regulates entry and exit of substances.
  • Role of microvilli
    Microvilli are finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
  • Function of cilia
    Cilia are hair-like structures that move substances across cell surfaces.
  • Purpose of flagella
    Flagella are tail-like structures that enable cell movement.
  • What does the nucleus contain and control?
    The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
  • Difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
  • Function of mitochondria
    Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and the site of ATP production.
  • Role of ribosomes
    Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use.
  • What is the cytoskeleton?
    The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides cell shape, movement, and division.
  • Primary function of lysosomes
    Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breakdown of waste.
  • What is chromatin?
    Chromatin is a DNA and protein complex that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
  • What is the total magnification of a microscope?
    Total magnification is the product of the ocular lens and objective lens magnifications.
  • Four primary tissue types
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues are the four primary tissue types.
  • Function of epithelial tissue
    Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
  • Types of muscle tissue
    Muscle tissue types include skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
  • What is an osteon?
    An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone.
  • Function of osteocytes and lacunae
    Osteocytes are bone cells housed in small cavities called lacunae.
  • Difference between compact and spongy bone
    Compact bone is dense and organized in osteons; spongy bone is porous and contains trabeculae and marrow.
  • What is the role of adipose tissue?
    Adipose tissue stores fat, provides insulation, and cushions organs.
  • What is the epidermis?
    The epidermis is the outermost skin layer, including strata basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
  • Function of blood tissue
    Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste; composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
  • What are chondrocytes?
    Chondrocytes are cartilage cells located in lacunae within a gel-like extracellular matrix.
  • What is the function of the peroxisome?
    Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
  • What is the function of secretory vesicles?
    Secretory vesicles transport substances to the cell membrane for release.
  • What is the role of the nucleolus?
    The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.
  • What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
    The basement membrane anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.