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Anatomy & Physiology: Essential Bones and Muscles

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  • Axial skeleton
    Consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and hyoid bone.
  • Appendicular skeleton
    Comprises 126 bones of the upper and lower extremities and their girdles.
  • Pectoral girdle bones
    Includes the clavicle and scapula, connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
  • Pelvic girdle bones
    Formed by the os coxae (hip bones), sacrum, and coccyx.
  • Number of cranial bones
    There are 8 cranial bones: frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), and ethmoid (1).
  • Number of facial bones
    There are 14 facial bones including nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer.
  • Suture
    An immovable joint found only between skull bones.
  • Coronal suture
    Suture between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones.
  • Sagittal suture
    Suture between the two parietal bones along the midline.
  • Lambdoid suture
    Suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.
  • Squamous sutures
    Sutures between the parietal bones and the temporal bones.
  • Vertebral column regions and counts
    Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (1-5 fused), Coccyx (1-5 fused).
  • Unique features of cervical vertebrae
    Includes atlas (C1), axis (C2) with dens, and transverse foramina.
  • Sternum parts
    Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
  • Rib types
    True ribs (first 7 pairs), false ribs (last 5 pairs), floating ribs (last 2 pairs of false ribs).
  • Carpal bones
    Eight wrist bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
  • Pelvic girdle components
    Ilium, pubis, and ischium form the hip bone (os coxae).
  • Major muscles of the head and neck
    Frontalis, occipitalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus, temporalis, masseter, buccinator, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius.
  • Major trunk muscles
    Pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external oblique, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum.
  • Muscles that move the arm and shoulder
    Biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, deltoid.
  • Muscles that move the hand
    Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum.
  • Major muscles of the hip, thigh, and leg
    Gluteus maximus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris group, hamstrings group, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus.
  • Quadriceps femoris muscles
    Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.
  • Hamstring muscles
    Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris.
  • Pelvic inlet vs. pelvic outlet
    Pelvic inlet is the upper opening of the pelvis; pelvic outlet is the lower opening.
  • Typical rib structure
    Consists of a head, neck, tubercle, and body (shaft).