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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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  • Define anatomy and physiology

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts to sustain life.

  • Principle of complementarity of structure and function

    Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form, uniting anatomy and physiology.

  • Levels of structural organization

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism.

  • List necessary life functions

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

  • Survival needs for human life

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

  • Define homeostasis

    Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Components of homeostatic control mechanism

    Receptor (monitors environment), Control center (sets set point), Effector (responds to stimulus).

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback shuts off original stimulus (e.g., temperature regulation). Positive feedback enhances original stimulus (e.g., blood clotting).

  • Major structures of the cell

    Plasma membrane, vesicles, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, nucleus.

  • Function of mitochondria

    Produce most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration; contain their own DNA and RNA.

  • Difference between rough and smooth ER

    Rough ER has ribosomes; synthesizes secreted and membrane proteins. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation.

  • Types of connective tissue proper

    Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic).

  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Cellularity, polarity, special contacts (tight junctions, desmosomes), supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regenerative.

  • Classification of epithelia by layers and shape

    Layers: simple or stratified. Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

  • Function of simple squamous epithelium

    Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood. Exocrine glands secrete onto body surfaces or cavities via ducts.

  • Types of multicellular exocrine glands by duct and secretory unit

    Duct: simple (unbranched) or compound (branched). Secretory unit: tubular, alveolar (acinar), or tubuloalveolar.

  • Modes of exocrine secretion

    Merocrine (exocytosis), Holocrine (rupture of gland cells).

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion.

  • Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • Cells found in the epidermis

    Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans' cells, Merkel cells.

  • Functions of melanocytes

    Produce melanin pigment responsible for skin color and protection against UV radiation.

  • Characteristics of the dermis

    Strong, flexible connective tissue with fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells; has papillary and reticular layers.

  • Types of sweat glands

    Eccrine (palms, soles, forehead), apocrine (axillary, anogenital), ceruminous (ear canal), mammary (milk secretion).

  • Structure and function of hair

    Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells; functions include warmth, sensory input, and protection.

  • Types of hair

    Vellus (fine, pale) and terminal (coarse, long) hair.

  • Three major types of skin cancer

    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.

  • Burn degrees and characteristics

    First-degree: epidermis damaged; redness and pain. Second-degree: epidermis and upper dermis; blisters. Third-degree: full thickness; no pain initially due to nerve damage.