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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide (Chapters 5-8)

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  • Type of tissue in the epidermis
    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Most common cells in the epidermis
    Keratinocytes.
  • Role of melanocytes in the epidermis
    Produce melanin to protect skin DNA from UV radiation by absorbing rays.
  • Function of dendritic (Langerhans) cells
    Act as macrophages that ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system.
  • Layers of the epidermis in thick skin (superficial to deep)
    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
  • Difference between thick and thin skin epidermis layers
    Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum layer.
  • Type of tissue in the dermis
    Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers; it is vascular.
  • Two regions of the dermis and their connective tissue types
    Papillary region: loose areolar connective tissue; Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with scattered adipose.
  • Effect of carotene on skin color
    Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue.
  • What causes erythema?
    Increased blood flow causing reddened skin, indicating fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
  • What is cyanosis?
    Bluish skin color due to poorly oxygenated blood or lack of hemoglobin.
  • Structure and function of hair
    Flexible strands of dead keratinized epidermal cells produced by hair follicles.
  • Three layers of hair shaft
    Medulla (core), cortex (bulky layer), and cuticle (outermost overlapping cells).
  • Types of human hair
    Vellus hair: fine, nonpigmented; Terminal hair: coarse, pigmented hair of eyebrows and scalp.
  • Function of sebaceous glands
    Produce sebum that protects against bacterial growth and prevents water loss.
  • Functions of the integumentary system
    Protection, thermoregulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion.
  • Types of skin cancer
    Basal cell carcinoma (least malignant), squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma (most severe).
  • ABCDE rule for skin cancer detection
    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving changes.
  • Rule of Nines in burn assessment
    Body divided into 11 sections, each representing 9% of total body surface area.
  • Difference between first, second, and third-degree burns
    First-degree: epidermis only; Second-degree: epidermis and dermis with blisters; Third-degree: full thickness, no pain initially.
  • Three types of cartilage
    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
  • Functions of bones
    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, and hormone production.
  • Difference between compact and spongy bone
    Compact bone is dense and solid; spongy bone has a latticework of trabeculae.
  • Role of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
    Osteoblasts build bone; osteocytes maintain bone; osteoclasts resorb bone.
  • Primary and secondary ossification centers in endochondral ossification
    Primary in diaphysis; secondary in epiphysis.
  • Types of joints based on structure
    Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
  • Functional classification of joints
    Synarthrotic (immovable), amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), diarthrotic (freely movable).
  • Six distinguishing features of synovial joints
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
  • Types of synovial joints and their motions
    Planar (gliding), hinge (flexion/extension), pivot (rotation), condyloid and saddle (biaxial), ball and socket (multiaxial).