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Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Key Concepts

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  • What hormone controls the thyroid gland?
    TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) controls the thyroid gland.
  • What element do thyroid hormones contain?
    Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
  • Which hormone secretion is controlled by ACTH and is essential for life?
    Cortisol secretion is controlled by ACTH and is essential for life.
  • What are skeletal muscles composed of?
    Skeletal muscles are composed of muscle fibers.
  • What are the contractile structures within muscle fibers?
    Myofibrils are the contractile structures inside muscle fibers.
  • What initiates skeletal muscle contraction?
    Calcium signals initiate skeletal muscle contraction.
  • What proteins slide past each other during muscle contraction?
    Actin and myosin slide past each other during contraction.
  • What is required for skeletal muscle contraction to continue?
    A steady supply of ATP is required for skeletal muscle contraction.
  • How are skeletal muscle types classified?
    Skeletal muscle types are classified by speed and fatigue resistance.
  • What is a motor unit?
    A motor unit is one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
  • What controls contraction in smooth muscle?
    Contraction in smooth muscle is controlled by myosin phosphorylation.
  • What controls Ca2+ sensitivity in smooth muscle?
    Myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) controls Ca2+ sensitivity.
  • What initiates smooth muscle contraction?
    Calcium initiates smooth muscle contraction.
  • What types of signals influence smooth muscle activity?
    Autonomic neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrine signals influence smooth muscle activity.
  • What sensory organ detects muscle tension?
    Golgi tendon organs detect muscle tension.
  • What ensures one-way blood flow in the heart?
    Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow.
  • What type of muscle fibers contract without innervation in the heart?
    Cardiac muscle fibers contract without innervation.
  • What cells set the heart rate?
    Pacemaker cells set the heart rate.
  • What does stroke volume represent?
    Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped per contraction.
  • What determines mean arterial pressure?
    Mean arterial pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
  • Where is blood pressure highest and lowest in the circulatory system?
    Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins.
  • What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
    Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange.
  • What drives air flow during ventilation?
    Air flows due to pressure gradients during ventilation.
  • How is oxygen transported in the blood?
    Oxygen is mostly transported bound to hemoglobin.
  • What is the functional unit of the kidney?
    The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
  • What hormone controls water reabsorption in the kidneys?
    Vasopressin controls water reabsorption.
  • What are the four layers of the GI tract wall?
    The GI tract wall has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
  • What system can act independently to control GI smooth muscle?
    The enteric nervous system can act independently.
  • What cells produce antibodies?
    B lymphocytes produce antibodies.