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Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Review

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  • Tidal volume
    The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
  • Residual volume
    The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
    The additional volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
  • Expiratory reserve volume
    The additional volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration.
  • Vital capacity
    The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
  • Blood cells capable of producing antibodies
    B lymphocytes (B cells) are responsible for producing antibodies.
  • Largest lymphatic tissue in the human body
    The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ.
  • Site of destruction of worn-out red blood cells
    Worn-out red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen.
  • Site of T-cell maturation and selection
    The thymus gland is where T cells mature and are selected.
  • Cells that attack infected host cells in cell-mediated immunity
    Cytotoxic T cells attack infected host cells.
  • Main class of antibody secreted immediately after initial antigen exposure
    IgM is the first antibody class secreted by plasma cells.
  • Molecule produced by a virus-infected cell
    Infected cells produce interferons to inhibit viral replication.
  • First line of innate defenses against pathogens
    The skin and mucous membranes act as the first line of defense.
  • Cells macrophages develop from
    Macrophages develop from monocytes in the blood.
  • Four signs or symptoms of inflammation
    Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
  • Molecules that can act as antigens
    Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids can act as antigens.
  • Type of immunity provided by vaccination
    Active artificial immunity.
  • Type of immunity provided by mother’s milk
    Passive natural immunity.
  • Cell type that declines initially in HIV infection
    CD4+ T helper cells decline during early HIV infection.
  • Disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus
    Infectious mononucleosis.
  • Gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
    Internal respiration.
  • Structure commonly called the Adam’s apple
    The thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
  • Material of C-shaped rings supporting the trachea
    Hyaline cartilage.
  • Location of gas exchange during external respiration
    Alveoli in the lungs.
  • Alveolar pressure during inspiration
    Alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure to allow air in.
  • Alveolar pressure during expiration
    Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure to push air out.
  • Approximate number of alveoli in human lungs
    About 300 million alveoli.
  • Process of gas exchange in lungs
    Diffusion across the respiratory membrane.
  • Main form of oxygen transport in blood
    Most oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
  • Percentage of CO2 carried as bicarbonate in blood
    About 70% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions.