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Anatomy & Physiology I - Key Concepts

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  • Define anatomy and physiology and their relationship

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function. Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology).

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body

    Levels include atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.

  • Name the 11 organ systems and their major functions

    Examples: Integumentary (protection), Skeletal (support), Muscular (movement), Nervous (control), etc.

  • Define homeostasis and its significance

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential for normal body function and health.

  • Explain negative and positive feedback in homeostasis

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain balance; positive feedback amplifies a response until a specific outcome is achieved.

  • Describe the anatomical position

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • Name major body cavities and their contents

    Examples: Cranial cavity (brain), Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs), Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive organs).

  • Differentiate matter and energy

    Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass; energy is the capacity to do work or cause change.

  • List the four elements that form most of the body matter

    Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

  • Define chemical bonds and name the three types

    Atoms bond by sharing or transferring electrons. Types: Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen bonds.

  • Explain the difference between a compound and a mixture

    A compound has chemically bonded atoms; a mixture is a physical combination of substances.

  • Describe the role of water in the body

    Water is essential for chemical reactions, temperature regulation, and as a solvent for substances.

  • Define pH and its importance

    pH measures acidity or alkalinity; maintaining proper pH is vital for enzyme function and metabolism.

  • Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

    Dehydration synthesis forms bonds by removing water; hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water.

  • List the four levels of protein structure

    Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structures define protein shape and function.

  • Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism

    ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular activities.

  • Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane

    The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins allowing selective permeability.

  • Compare passive and active membrane transport

    Passive transport moves substances down concentration gradients without energy; active transport requires ATP to move substances against gradients.

  • Define membrane potential

    Membrane potential is the voltage difference across the plasma membrane due to ion distribution.

  • List the three major regions of a generalized cell

    Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.