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Anatomy & Physiology Practicum 1 Key Concepts

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  • Ocular Lens
    The lens in a microscope that is closest to the eye, used to view the magnified image.
  • Objective Lens
    The primary lenses on a microscope that magnify the specimen; commonly color-coded as red, yellow, and blue for different magnifications.
  • Mechanical Stage Controls
    Knobs on a microscope used to move the slide precisely on the stage for better viewing.
  • Iris Diaphragm
    A component of the microscope that adjusts the amount of light reaching the specimen.
  • Anatomical Landmarks
    Specific points on the body used as reference for anatomical study and description.
  • Three Major Body Cavities
    The dorsal cavity, ventral cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity that house major organs.
  • Nine Abdominal Pelvic Regions
    Divisions of the abdomen used to locate organs: right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac, and hypogastric regions.
  • Directional Terminology
    Terms used to describe locations on the body, such as anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.
  • Planes of the Body
    Imaginary lines used to divide the body: midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, coronal/frontal, and oblique.
  • Interphase
    The cell cycle phase where the cell grows and DNA is replicated before mitosis.
  • Prophase
    The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
  • Metaphase
    The mitosis phase where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.
  • Anaphase
    The mitosis phase where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
  • Telophase and Cytokinesis
    Final mitosis stages where nuclear envelopes reform and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
    A single layer of flat cells that allows for diffusion and filtration.
  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
    A single layer of cube-shaped cells involved in secretion and absorption.
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium
    A single layer of tall cells that often have microvilli and are involved in absorption and secretion.
  • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
    A single layer of cells with varying heights that appears stratified; often ciliated for moving mucus.
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
    Multiple layers of flat cells that protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
  • Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar
    A connective tissue with a loose arrangement of fibers that cushions and protects organs.
  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue
    Tightly packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel, providing strong attachment in tendons and ligaments.
  • Hyaline Cartilage
    A translucent cartilage that provides support with some flexibility; found in the nose and trachea.
  • Skeletal Muscle
    Voluntary muscle tissue characterized by striations and multiple nuclei per cell.
  • Cardiac Muscle
    Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart with intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.
  • Smooth Muscle
    Involuntary muscle tissue without striations found in walls of hollow organs.
  • Nervous Tissue
    Tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body.