Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology: Tissues and Integumentary System

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/50
  • Order of structural organization from simplest to most complex

    Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

  • Primary tissue type with tightly packed cells and minimal extracellular matrix

    Epithelial tissue

  • Biological principle illustrated by thin, flat squamous cells in lungs for rapid oxygen diffusion

    Complementarity of structure and function

  • Meaning of epithelial tissues being avascular but innervated

    They lack blood vessels but contain nerve fibers.

  • Structure anchoring epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

    Basement membrane

  • Why stratified epithelia are named by apical cell shape

    Apical cells are the most exposed and visible layer, while basal cells are constantly dividing and vary in shape.

  • Tissue lining alveoli and capillaries for rapid diffusion

    Simple squamous epithelium

  • Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

    Found in kidney tubules and secretory ducts of small glands.

  • Tissue type with single layer of tall cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells in the small intestine

    Simple columnar epithelium

  • Reason pseudostratified columnar epithelium is 'pseudo-' stratified

    All cells rest on the basement membrane but nuclei are at different heights, creating the illusion of multiple layers.

  • Specialized epithelium allowing urinary bladder to stretch without tearing

    Transitional epithelium

  • Fundamental difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood or interstitial fluid, exocrine glands secrete onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.

  • Only prominent unicellular exocrine gland in humans

    Goblet cell

  • Structural classification of a multicellular exocrine gland with unbranched duct and flask-shaped secretory sacs

    Simple alveolar (acinar) gland

  • Secretory mechanism where apical cell portion pinches off to release secretion

    Apocrine secretion

  • Mode of secretion where entire cell ruptures to release product

    Holocrine secretion

  • Non-living material separating living cells in connective tissue

    Extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers

  • Why connective tissue is the most abundant primary tissue type

    It is found in every organ system and functions to bind, support, protect, insulate, and transport.

  • Connective tissue fiber with greatest tensile strength

    Collagen fibers

  • Connective tissue cell releasing histamine during allergic reactions

    Mast cells

  • Loose connective tissue that wraps and cushions organs and holds tissue fluid

    Areolar connective tissue

  • Structural difference of adipose tissue compared to areolar connective tissue

    Adipose tissue consists mostly of fat-storing cells with nuclei pushed to the side by large fat droplets.

  • Connective tissue forming delicate internal framework supporting blood cells in spleen and lymph nodes

    Reticular connective tissue

  • Structure of dense regular connective tissue in tendons and ligaments

    Closely packed, parallel collagen fibers aligned with the direction of pull.

  • Reason dense irregular connective tissue lines dermis and joint capsules

    Its fibers run in multiple directions, resisting tension from many angles.

  • Why cartilage heals slowly compared to bone

    Cartilage is avascular and relies on slow diffusion for nutrients.

  • Difference between chondroblast and chondrocyte

    Chondroblasts secrete new cartilage matrix, chondrocytes are mature cells maintaining the matrix.

  • Most abundant cartilage type providing smooth surfaces at bone ends

    Hyaline cartilage

  • Cartilage type optimized for heavy compression in intervertebral discs

    Fibrocartilage

  • Chemical components giving bone its hardness

    Inorganic calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers

  • Why blood is classified as connective tissue

    It develops from mesenchyme and consists of living cells suspended in a non-living fluid matrix (plasma).

  • Muscle tissue with long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells and striations

    Skeletal muscle tissue

  • Structural features distinguishing cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle

    Cardiac muscle cells are branched, uninucleated, and connected by intercalated discs.

  • Two primary cell types in nervous tissue and their functions

    Neurons generate and conduct impulses; neuroglia support and protect neurons.

  • Type and moisture status of pleura and pericardium membranes

    Serous membranes; they are wet membranes.

  • First step in tissue repair after epithelial injury

    Inflammation causes blood vessels to dilate and become permeable for immune cells and clotting proteins.

  • Tissue groups with virtually no regenerative capacity, replaced by scar tissue

    Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in brain/spinal cord

  • Why skin is classified as an organ

    It contains multiple tissue types working together to perform complex functions.

  • Correct sequence of epidermal layers in thick skin from deepest to most superficial

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

  • Epidermal layer where cell division mainly occurs

    Stratum basale

  • Epidermal cell type that acts as primary immune defense

    Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

  • How melanin protects keratinocytes from UV damage

    Melanin forms a pigment shield over the nucleus blocking ultraviolet radiation.

  • Reason cells in stratum corneum are dead and lack organelles

    They undergo apoptosis and accumulate keratin as they move away from blood supply.

  • Two layers of the dermis and their tissue types

    Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue) and reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

  • Primary functions of the hypodermis

    Anchors skin, stores fat, cushions blows, and insulates against heat loss.

  • Muscle that causes hair to stand up (goosebumps)

    Arrector pili muscle

  • Gland type overactive in acne producing oily secretion

    Sebaceous glands producing sebum

  • Difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

    Eccrine glands function in thermoregulation and open directly onto skin; apocrine glands open into hair follicles and activate at puberty.

  • Skin cancer type with asymmetry, irregular borders, color variation, and high metastasis risk

    Melanoma

  • Burn degree with blistering, deep redness, swelling, and pain penetrating epidermis and upper dermis

    Second-degree burn