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Appendicular Skeleton Anatomy

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  • What bones make up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?
    The clavicle and scapula form the pectoral girdle.
  • What is the function of the clavicle in the pectoral girdle?
    The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion process of the scapula, providing support and attachment.
  • Name the three regions of the hip bone (os coxa).
    The hip bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • What is the pelvic brim and its significance?
    The pelvic brim separates the true pelvis (contains pelvic organs) from the false pelvis (above brim to iliac crest).
  • Which bone is the largest and strongest in the body?
    The femur is the largest and strongest bone.
  • What bones form the forearm?
    The forearm is formed by the radius (lateral) and ulna (medial).
  • Describe the articulation of the ulna at the elbow.
    The ulna's olecranon process articulates with the humerus' trochlea, forming the major part of the elbow joint.
  • What is the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna?
    A fibrous sheet connecting the shafts of radius and ulna, containing nerves and blood vessels.
  • How many carpal bones are in the wrist and how are they arranged?
    There are 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows: proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).
  • Which carpal bones articulate with the radius to form the wrist joint?
    The scaphoid and lunate bones articulate with the radius.
  • How many metacarpal bones are in the hand and how are they numbered?
    There are 5 metacarpal bones, numbered 1 to 5 starting from the thumb (pollex).
  • How many phalanges does each finger have?
    Each finger has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), except the thumb which has 2 (proximal and distal).
  • What bones make up the lower limb?
    The lower limb includes the femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (leg), and the foot bones (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).
  • What is the patella and its function?
    The patella is a sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon that protects the knee joint and improves leverage.
  • Which leg bone bears most of the body weight?
    The tibia bears most of the body weight and transmits it to the foot.
  • What is the role of the fibula in the leg?
    The fibula is mainly for muscle attachment and stability; it does not bear significant weight.
  • Name the seven tarsal bones of the foot.
    The tarsals are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.
  • Which tarsal bone transfers weight from the tibia to the foot?
    The talus transfers weight from the tibia to the calcaneus and foot.
  • How many metatarsal bones are in the foot and what is special about the first metatarsal?
    There are 5 metatarsals; the enlarged head of the first metatarsal forms the 'ball of the foot.'
  • How many phalanges are in the toes and how are they arranged?
    There are 14 phalanges in the toes; each toe has 3 phalanges except the hallux (big toe), which has 2.