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Appendicular Skeleton Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Scapula

    Quantity: 2; Location: Posterior shoulder forming the shoulder blade; Structure: Broad, flat bone.

  • Clavicle

    Quantity: 2; Location: Anterior base of neck connecting sternum to scapula; Structure: Slender, curved long bone.

  • Humerus

    Quantity: 2 (1 per arm); Location: Upper arm between shoulder and elbow; Structure: Long bone.

  • Radius

    Quantity: 2 (1 per arm); Location: Forearm lateral (thumb) side; Structure: Long bone.

  • Ulna

    Quantity: 2 (1 per arm); Location: Forearm medial (pinky) side; Structure: Long bone.

  • Carpals

    Quantity: 16 (8 per wrist); Location: Wrist base; Structure: Small, short, irregular bones.

  • Metacarpals

    Quantity: 16 (8 per hand); Location: Palm of the hand; Structure: Miniature long bones.

  • Phalanges (hand)

    Quantity: 28 (14 per hand); Location: Fingers; Structure: Miniature long bones.

  • Femur

    Quantity: 2 (1 per thigh); Location: Thigh; Structure: Long bone and longest in the body.

  • Patella

    Quantity: 2 (1 per knee); Location: Front of the knee; Structure: Triangular sesamoid bone.

  • Tibia

    Quantity: 2 (1 per leg); Location: Lower leg, larger inner shin bone; Structure: Long bone.

  • Fibula

    Quantity: 2 (1 per leg); Location: Lower leg lateral (outer) side; Structure: Long bone.

  • Tarsals

    Quantity: 14 (7 per foot); Location: Ankle and heel; Structure: Short bones.

  • Metatarsals

    Quantity: 10 (5 per foot); Location: Midfoot/arch; Structure: Miniature long bones.

  • Ilium

    Quantity: 2 (1 per side); Location: Uppermost part of hip bone; Structure: Large, broad, flat irregular bone.

  • Pubis

    Quantity: 2 (1 per side); Location: Anterior lower part of hip bone; Structure: Irregular bone.

  • Ischium

    Quantity: 2 (1 per side); Location: Lower back part of hip bone (sit bone); Structure: Irregular bone.

  • Hip bone (Os coxae)

    Quantity: 2 (1 per side); Location: Pelvic region; Structure: Large flat bone formed by fusion of ilium, pubis, and ischium.

  • Bones of the pectoral girdle

    Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

  • Bones of the pelvic girdle

    Hip bones (Os coxae), formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

  • Number of bones in the wrist

    16 total bones, 8 bones per wrist.

  • Number and largest bones of the ankle

    14 total bones, 7 per ankle; largest: calcaneus (heel bone), second largest: talus (ankle bone).

  • Number and types of bones in the hand

    54 total bones, 27 per hand; includes carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

  • Number and types of bones in the foot

    52 total bones, 26 per foot; includes tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

  • Definition of the pelvis

    A basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the spine to lower limbs, including pelvic girdle (2 hip bones) and axial sacrum and coccyx (tailbone).