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Chapter 4 (Muscle & Nervous Tissue & Cutaneous Membrane)

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  • Muscle Tissue

    well vascularized tissue that are responsible for most body movement

  • Myofilaments

    elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about muscle movement

  • Voluntary muscle

    able to move on command

  • Involuntary Muscle

    not controlled consciouly

  • Skeletal Muscle

    long w/ striations

    Function: voluntary movement

    Location: any muscles ex: bicep

  • Cardiac Muscle

    spindle shaped w/ central nuclei

    Function: propel substances along internal organs

    Location: cardiac walls

  • Smooth Muscle

    spindle shaped w/ central nuclei

    Function propel substances along internal organs

    Location: walls of hollow organs

  • Nervous Tissue

    specialized tissue that forms the communication network of the body,

  • Neurons

    highly specialized nerve cells; respond to stimuli; transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances in body

  • Support Cells

    Nonconducting cells that support insulate and protect neurons

  • Cutaneous Membrane

    organ system consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)

  • Mucous Membranes

    line all body cavities that open to outside of the body

  • Lamina Propia

    loose connective tissue supporting mucous membrane

  • Serous Membranes

    moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

  • Tissue Repair

    penetration of barriers activates immune responses

  • Types of repair

    1. regeneration: replace destroyed tissue with same kind of tissue

    2. fibrosis: replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue

  • What does regeneration depend on?

    tissue type and severity of injury

  • Steps to tissue repair

    1. inflammation

    2. Blood supply restoration

    3. regeneration and fibrosis effect

  • Inflammation

    mast cells release inflammatory chemicals ; blood clott and scab forms because of air exposure

  • Blood Supply Restoration

    blood clot replaced with ingrowth of capillaries ; fibroblasts multiply & produce growth factors ; macrophages phagocytize dead/dying cells & debris

  • Regeneration and Fibrosis Effect

    fibrosed area contracts pulling wound together ; epithelium thickens under scab and detaches

  • Granulation Tissue

    delicate pink tissue containing capillaries

  • Tissues with strong regeneration

    epithelial, bone, areolar, and dense irregular

  • Tissue with moderate regeneration

    smooth muscle and dense regular

  • Tissues with weak regeneration

    skeletal muscle and cartilage

  • Tissues with no functional regeneration capacity

    cardiac muscle and Central Nervous System nervous tissue

  • Developmental Aspects of Tissues

    1. primary germ layer: superficial to deep ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm ; later specializes to 4 primary tissues

    2. 4 primary tissues: formed by end of the 2nd month

  • Which tissues are highly mitotic in adults?

    Epithelia and blood forming tissues

  • How are low mitotic tissues regenerated?

    STEM Cells