Skip to main content
Back

Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/24
  • What are the two main layers of the skin?

    The epidermis (most superficial) and the dermis.

  • What type of tissue composes the epidermis?

    The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue.

  • Name two types of cells found in the epidermis.

    Keratinocytes and melanocytes.

  • What is the deepest layer of the epidermis and its function?

    Stratum basale; contains cells that divide to replace others and melanocytes for pigment.

  • Which epidermal layer contains several layers for strength and flexibility?

    Stratum spinosum.

  • In which epidermal layer do keratinocytes begin making keratin?

    Stratum granulosum.

  • Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin like palms and soles?

    Stratum lucidum.

  • What is the outermost layer of the epidermis and its characteristics?

    Stratum corneum; cells continuously shed and are multiple layers of dead cells for protection.

  • Where is the dermis located relative to the epidermis?

    The dermis is located deep to the epidermis.

  • Name the two layers of the dermis and their main features.

    1. Papillary layer: superficial, contains capillaries and elastic fibers.
    2. Reticular layer: deeper, dense irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers.

  • What is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) and its functions?

    Located below the dermis, it anchors skin to underlying tissues, stores fat, and provides insulation.

  • What pigments contribute to skin color?

    Melanin (amount produced varies), carotene (yellow-orange), and hemoglobin (gives pinkish color).

  • What are the main types of exocrine glands in the skin?

    Sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine) and sebaceous (oil) glands.

  • Where do eccrine sweat glands secrete and what is their secretion mostly composed of?

    Secrete mostly water directly onto the skin surface.

  • Where do apocrine sweat glands secrete and what is unique about their secretion?

    Secrete into hair follicles; secretion may develop odor due to bacterial action.

  • What do sebaceous glands secrete and where do they secrete it?

    Secrete sebum which softens hair and skin; secrete into hair follicles.

  • What is hair composed of and what are its functions?

    Hair is made of dead cells containing keratin. Functions include protection from UV light and physical damage.

  • What are arrector pili muscles and their function?

    Muscles extending from dermis to hair follicle; cause hair to stand up (goosebumps) for insulation.

  • What are the main parts of a nail?

    Nail plate (visible), nail root (buried in epidermal fold), and nail matrix (growth area). The lunula is the crescent-shaped, pale area.

  • What are the primary functions of the skin?

    Thermoregulation, protection, and cutaneous sensations.

  • Describe the stages of pressure injuries.

    Stage 1: Reddened skin.
    Stage 2: Partial thickness skin loss.
    Stage 3: Full thickness skin loss.
    Stage 4: Full thickness with tissue damage.

  • What layers are affected in first-degree burns and their symptoms?

    Affect only the epidermis. Symptoms include redness and pain.

  • What layers are affected in second-degree burns and their symptoms?

    Affect the epidermis and upper dermis. Symptoms include redness, pain, and blisters.

  • What layers are affected in third-degree burns and their symptoms?

    Affect the epidermis, entire dermis, and possibly deeper tissues. Symptoms include white or charred skin and numbness; usually require grafting.