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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Layers of the skin
    The skin consists of the superficial epidermis, the deeper dermis, and the underlying hypodermis.
  • Functions of the integument
    The integument provides protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, and vitamin D synthesis.
  • Main cell type in the epidermis
    Most epidermal cells are keratinocytes, which produce the protein keratin.
  • Role of dendritic cells in the epidermis
    Dendritic cells are phagocytes located in the stratum spinosum that help defend against pathogens.
  • Function of tactile cells
    Tactile cells are sensory receptors found in the stratum basale that detect touch.
  • Difference between thick and thin skin
    Thick skin has all five epidermal strata including a thick stratum corneum, while thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum and has thinner layers.
  • Layers of the dermis
    The dermis has two layers: the superficial papillary layer and the deeper reticular layer.
  • Structures in the papillary layer
    The papillary layer contains dermal papillae and epidermal ridges that increase surface area for attachment.
  • Cause of tension (cleavage) lines in skin
    Tension lines are caused by gaps between collagen fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis.
  • Primary pigment influencing skin color
    The main pigment affecting skin color is melanin.
  • Other substances affecting skin color
    Besides melanin, carotene and hemoglobin also influence skin color.
  • Composition and function of hair
    Hair (pili) is made of dead, keratinized keratinocytes and serves protective and sensory functions.
  • Origin of nails
    Nails are derived from the epidermis and are located at the ends of digits.
  • Location and secretion type of sweat glands
    Sweat glands are in the dermis and secrete sweat by merocrine secretion.
  • Most common type of sweat gland
    The eccrine sweat gland is the most common sweat gland.
  • Other types of sweat glands
    Other sweat glands include apocrine glands, ceruminous glands, and mammary glands.
  • Secretion method of sebaceous glands
    Sebaceous glands secrete sebum into hair follicles by holocrine secretion.
  • Types of skin pathologies
    Skin pathologies include wounds, burns, and cancer.
  • Rule of nines
    The rule of nines estimates the percentage of body surface area affected by burns.
  • Basal cell carcinoma origin
    Basal cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in the stratum basale.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma origin
    Squamous cell carcinoma originates from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum.
  • Malignant melanoma origin and behavior
    Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes in the stratum basale and is highly aggressive.