Textbook Question
a. Define cerebrovascular accident or CVA.
b. Describe its possible causes and consequences.
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Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation25
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive24
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System12
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System25
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System25
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity30
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System16
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart25
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 12, Problem 23
Robert, a brilliant computer analyst, suffered a blow to his anterior skull from a falling rock while mountain climbing. Shortly thereafter, it was obvious to his coworkers that his behavior had undergone a dramatic change. Although previously a smart dresser, he was now unkempt. One morning, he was observed defecating into the wastebasket. Which region of Robert's brain was affected by the cranial blow?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Identify the key symptoms described in the problem: a dramatic change in behavior, loss of social norms (e.g., unkempt appearance), and inappropriate actions (e.g., defecating into a wastebasket). These symptoms suggest impairment in personality, decision-making, and social behavior.
Step 2: Recall the brain regions responsible for personality, social behavior, and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex, especially the frontal lobe, is known to regulate these higher cognitive functions and social conduct.
Step 3: Understand that the anterior skull blow likely affected the frontal lobe, as it is located at the front of the brain beneath the forehead and anterior skull.
Step 4: Connect the behavioral changes to damage in the prefrontal cortex, which is part of the frontal lobe. Damage here can lead to disinhibition, poor judgment, and changes in personality, consistent with Robert's symptoms.
Step 5: Conclude that the region of Robert's brain affected by the cranial blow is the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex, which explains the observed behavioral changes.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Frontal Lobe Function
The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making, social behavior, and personality. Damage to this area can result in changes in behavior, poor judgment, and loss of social inhibitions, which explains Robert's altered conduct after the injury.
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Prefrontal Cortex Role
The prefrontal cortex, part of the frontal lobe, regulates complex cognitive behavior and moderates social behavior. Injury here often leads to disinhibition, impulsivity, and inappropriate actions, such as Robert's unkempt appearance and socially unacceptable behavior.
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3:15Important Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Localization of Brain Injury Symptoms
Identifying brain injury symptoms helps localize the affected region. Behavioral changes, loss of social norms, and poor self-care typically indicate damage to the anterior frontal regions, especially the prefrontal cortex, rather than other brain areas like the occipital or temporal lobes.
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3:10Major Regions of the Brain
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Describe the functional problems that would be experienced by a person in which these fiber tracts have been cut:
a. Lateral spinothalamic
b. Ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar
c. Tectospinal
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Textbook Question
a. How is cerebrospinal fluid formed and drained? Describe its pathway within and around the brain.
b What happens if CSF does not drain properly? Why is this consequence more harmful in adults?
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Textbook Question
Mrs. Jones has had a progressive decline in her mental capabilities in the last five or six years. At first her family attributed her occasional memory lapses, confusion, and agitation to grief over her husband's death six years earlier. When examined, Mrs. Jones was aware of her cognitive problems and was shown to have an IQ score approximately 30 points less than would be predicted by her work history. A CT scan showed diffuse cerebral atrophy. The physician prescribed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and Mrs. Jones showed slight improvement. What is Mrs. Jones's problem? Why did the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help?
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Textbook Question
Describe the spinal cord, depicting its extent, its composition of gray and white matter, and its spinal roots.
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Textbook Question
A 10-month-old infant has an enlarging head circumference and delayed overall development. Her CSF pressure is elevated, and she has a bulging anterior fontanelle (fontanelles are the as yet unossified fibrous membranes connecting skull bones in infants). Based on these findings, answer the following questions:
a. What are the possible cause(s) of an enlarged head?
b. Which tests might be helpful in obtaining information about this infant's problem?
c. Assuming the tests conducted showed the cerebral aqueduct to be constricted, which ventricles or CSF-containing areas would you expect to be enlarged? Which would likely not be visible? Respond to the same questions based on a finding of obstructed arachnoid granulations.
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