Textbook Question
Differentiate clearly between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation rate
Which provides a more accurate measure of ventilatory efficiency, and why?
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Ch. 22 The Respiratory System
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation25
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive24
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System12
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System25
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System25
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity30
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System16
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart25
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Hoehn, Haynes, Abbott12th EditionMarieb Human Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780138242732Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 22, Problem 14
The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried:
a. Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
b. As the ion HCO₃⁻ in the plasma after first entering the red blood cell
c. As carbonic acid in the plasma
d. Chemically combined with the heme portion of Hb
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the primary methods by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Carbon dioxide is carried in three main forms: dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻).
Step 2: Recognize that the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻). This process begins when CO₂ diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with water (H₂O) in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).
Step 3: Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻). The bicarbonate ions then move into the plasma, where they are carried to the lungs.
Step 4: Evaluate the incorrect options. For example, carbaminohemoglobin refers to CO₂ bound to the amino acids of hemoglobin, but this accounts for a smaller portion of CO₂ transport. CO₂ does not chemically combine with the heme portion of hemoglobin, and carbonic acid is not stable in plasma.
Step 5: Based on the physiological process described, identify the correct answer as the form in which the bulk of carbon dioxide is carried: as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in the plasma after first entering the red blood cell.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is transported in the blood primarily in three forms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), and bound to hemoglobin. Understanding these transport mechanisms is crucial for grasping how CO₂ is removed from tissues and delivered to the lungs for exhalation.
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Carbon
Bicarbonate Ion Formation
When CO₂ enters red blood cells, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) and hydrogen ions (H⁺). This reaction is facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is essential for maintaining acid-base balance in the blood.
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Carbamino Compounds
Carbamino compounds are formed when CO₂ binds to amino acids in hemoglobin, creating carbaminohemoglobin. This process is significant for CO₂ transport, as it allows for a portion of CO₂ to be carried back to the lungs in a chemically stable form, facilitating efficient gas exchange.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
In mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the rescuer blows air from his or her own respiratory system into that of the victim. Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Expansion of the victim's lungs is brought about by blowing air in at higher than atmospheric pressure (positive-pressure breathing).
(2) During inflation of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure increases.
(3) This technique will not work if the victim has a hole in the chest wall, even if the lungs are intact.
(4) Expiration during this procedure depends on the elasticity of the alveolar and thoracic walls.
a. All of these
b. 1, 2, 4
c. 1, 2, 3
d. 1, 4
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Textbook Question
Define hyperventilation
If you hyperventilate, do you retain or expel more carbon dioxide?
What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?
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Textbook Question
Briefly explain the anatomical 'reason' why most men have deeper voices than boys or women.
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Textbook Question
A baby holding its breath will:
a. Have brain cells damaged because of low blood oxygen levels
b. Automatically start to breathe again when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood reach a high enough value
c. Suffer heart damage because of increased pressure in the carotid sinus and aortic arch areas
d. Be called a 'blue baby'
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Textbook Question
Which of the following has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory centers in the brain?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Calcium
d. Willpower
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