An investigator at a crime scene discovers some body fluid on the victim's clothing. The investigator carefully takes a sample and sends it to the crime lab for analysis. On the basis of the analysis of antibodies, could the crime lab determine whether the sample is blood plasma or semen? Explain.

How does the formation of an antigen–antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen?

An anesthesia technician is advised that she should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, which is caused by a virus. She is given one injection and is told to come back for a second injection in a month and a third injection after 6 months. Why is this series of injections necessary?

Give one example of each type of immunity: innate immunity, naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, artificially acquired passive immunity, and naturally acquired passive immunity.

Paula's grandfather is diagnosed as having lung cancer. His physician takes biopsies of several lymph nodes from neighboring regions of the body, and Paula wonders why, since his cancer is in the lungs. What would you tell her?

Ted finds out that he has been exposed to measles. He is concerned that he might have contracted the disease, so he goes to see his physician. The physician takes a blood sample and sends it to a lab for antibody levels and titers. The results show an elevated level and activity of IgM antibodies to rubella (measles) virus but very few IgG antibodies to the virus. Has Ted contracted the disease?

While walking along the street, you and your friend see an elderly woman whose left arm appears to be swollen to several times its normal size. Your friend wonders aloud what might be its cause. You say that it may be likely that the woman had a radical mastectomy (the removal of a breast because of cancer). Explain the rationale behind your answer.