Proteins quiz #1 Flashcards
Proteins quiz #1
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What are proteins composed of?
Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers linked together in a chain. What are the four major biological macromolecules?
The four major biological macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. What is the directionality of a protein chain?
Proteins have directionality with an N-terminal (amino group) at one end and a C-terminal (carboxyl group) at the other. What does the N-terminal of a protein refer to?
The N-terminal refers to the end of a protein with a free amino group. What does the C-terminal of a protein refer to?
The C-terminal refers to the end of a protein with a free carboxyl group. What are the common components of all amino acids?
All amino acids have a central (alpha) carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group. How many different amino acids are used in living organisms?
Living organisms use 20 different amino acids. What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
The unique R group (side chain) distinguishes one amino acid from another. How are amino acids categorized?
Amino acids are categorized based on the properties of their R groups. What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is the sequence, type, and order of amino acids in a protein chain. What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The secondary structure refers to local folding patterns such as alpha helices and beta sheets. What is an alpha helix?
An alpha helix is a coiled, spiral structure formed by hydrogen bonding in the protein backbone. What is a beta sheet?
A beta sheet is a zigzag or pleated structure formed by hydrogen bonds between different parts of the protein chain. What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of a single protein chain. What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple protein chains (subunits) into a functional protein complex. Do all proteins have quaternary structure?
No, not all proteins have quaternary structure; only those with multiple polypeptide chains do. What is an oligopeptide?
An oligopeptide is a chain of 2 to 20 amino acids. What is a peptide?
A peptide is a chain of fewer than 50 amino acids. What is a polypeptide?
A polypeptide is a chain of more than 50 amino acids. What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids, while a protein is a functional form of one or more polypeptides. What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions without being consumed. What is a substrate in the context of enzymes?
A substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon during a chemical reaction. What is the active site of an enzyme?
The active site is the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs. What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
An enzyme-substrate complex is the temporary association formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site. How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required. Are enzymes consumed in the reactions they catalyze?
No, enzymes are not consumed and can be reused for multiple reactions. What suffix is commonly found at the end of enzyme names?
The suffix '-ase' is commonly found at the end of enzyme names. What is the functional significance of protein structure?
The structure of a protein determines its function in the cell. How does the primary structure influence other levels of protein structure?
The primary structure dictates the folding and final shape of the protein, influencing secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. What is the role of proteins in cells?
Proteins have structural, functional, and regulatory roles in cells. What is the central carbon in an amino acid called?
The central carbon in an amino acid is called the alpha carbon. What are the four groups attached to the alpha carbon of an amino acid?
The four groups are a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group. What determines the chemical properties of an amino acid?
The R group (side chain) determines the chemical properties of an amino acid. What is the general structure of an amino acid?
An amino acid has a central alpha carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group. How are amino acids linked together in proteins?
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form protein chains. What is a peptide bond?
A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. What is the difference between a peptide and a protein?
A peptide is a short chain of amino acids, while a protein is a longer, functional chain or complex. What is the minimum number of amino acids in an oligopeptide?
An oligopeptide contains at least 2 amino acids. What is the maximum number of amino acids in an oligopeptide?
An oligopeptide contains up to 20 amino acids. What is the minimum number of amino acids in a polypeptide?
A polypeptide contains more than 50 amino acids.
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