Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 40m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 12m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

1. Introduction to Biology

Introduction to Taxonomy

General Biology

1. Introduction to Biology

Introduction to Taxonomy

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Multiple Choice

In a cladistic approach to systematics, an outgroup is:

an extinct ancestor of all taxa in the group

a member of the group being analyzed for shared derived characteristics

a taxon that is closely related to, but not part of, the group being studied

a taxon that shares all derived traits with the ingroup

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of cladistics: Cladistics is a method of classification based on common ancestry and shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies). It aims to reconstruct evolutionary relationships.

Define the terms 'ingroup' and 'outgroup': The ingroup is the group of taxa being studied for evolutionary relationships, while the outgroup is a taxon that is closely related to the ingroup but not part of it. The outgroup serves as a reference point for determining which traits are ancestral and which are derived.

Clarify the role of the outgroup: The outgroup helps identify shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) within the ingroup by providing a baseline for comparison. Traits found in both the outgroup and ingroup are considered ancestral, while traits unique to the ingroup are derived.

Analyze the options provided: Evaluate each option based on the definition and role of the outgroup. For example, an outgroup is not an extinct ancestor, nor does it share all derived traits with the ingroup. It is closely related but distinct from the ingroup.

Conclude the correct answer: Based on the analysis, the correct definition of an outgroup in cladistics is 'a taxon that is closely related to, but not part of, the group being studied.' This aligns with its role in determining evolutionary relationships.