The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most feared viruses for pregnant women. Recent statistics justify this fear: Infants born to mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy face a risk of up to 42 percent of developing birth defects, including microcephaly (an abnormally small head and decreased brain volume). What do we know about how ZIKV causes damage to the developing brain? Researchers recently developed a mouse model for fetal brain defects associated with human ZIKV infection. To determine the effect of ZIKV on the number of neurons in the brain, ZIKV was injected into the brains of developing mouse embryos. Neurons were identified by staining sections of brain tissue with antibodies against NeuN, a neuron-specific protein, and the number of NeuN-positive cells per mm2 in specific regions was quantified. The results of three independent experiments are shown in the graph below. Use the P value provided to determine if the difference is significant or not (* means P< 0.05). Based on these results, what can you conclude?
39. Digestive System
Blood Sugar Homeostasis
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What is the first physiological response when blood glucose levels rise in a person with diabetes?
A
The pancreas releases insulin to lower blood glucose.
B
Glucose begins to accumulate in the bloodstream due to insufficient insulin action.
C
The liver immediately converts excess glucose to glycogen.
D
Muscle cells rapidly absorb glucose from the blood.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells and promotes its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Recognize that in diabetes, there is either insufficient production of insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or reduced sensitivity to insulin (Type 2 diabetes), leading to impaired glucose regulation.
Analyze the physiological response when blood glucose levels rise in a person with diabetes. Due to insufficient insulin action, glucose cannot be effectively absorbed by cells, causing it to accumulate in the bloodstream.
Eliminate incorrect options based on the understanding of diabetes physiology. For example, the pancreas does not release sufficient insulin to lower blood glucose in diabetes, and muscle cells do not rapidly absorb glucose due to impaired insulin signaling.
Conclude that the first physiological response in diabetes when blood glucose levels rise is the accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream due to insufficient insulin action.
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