Complete the following map summarizing the nutritional needs of animals that are met by a healthy diet.

There are several key concepts introduced in this chapter: Structure correlates with function; an animal's body has a hierarchy of organization with emergent properties at each level; and complex bodies have structural adaptations that increase surface area for exchange. Label the tissue layers shown in this section of the small intestine, and describe how this diagram illustrates these three concepts.

Calculate and compare the caloric content of skim milk and whole milk. Per serving, skim milk contains 12 g carbohydrates, 8 g protein, and no fat; whole milk contains 12 g carbohydrates, 8 g protein, and 8 g fat.

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

a. Pharynx

b. Stomach

c. Large intestine

d. Rectum

What is a plasmid?

a. An organelle found in many bacteria and certain eukaryotes

b. A circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the main chromosome(s)

c. A type of virus that has a DNA genome and infects certain types of human cells, including lung and respiratory tract tissue

d. A type of virus that has an RNA genome, codes for reverse transcriptase, and inserts a cDNA copy of its genome into cells

Evaluate the following statements regarding digestion; select True or False for each statement.

T/F Salivary amylase completes the digestion of starch into monosaccharides.

T/F Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach.

T/F Trypsin digests disaccharides into monosaccharides.

T/F Pancreatic lipase performs the majority of chemical digestion of lipids.

In which organ does almost all enzymatic digestion of food occur?

a. Stomach

b. Small intestine

c. Large intestine

d. Pancreas

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

a. Stomach—protein digestion

b. Large intestine—bile production

c. Small intestine—nutrient absorption

d. Pancreas—enzyme production

After finding a gene that causes a disease, researchers often introduce the defective allele into mice to create an animal model of the disease. Why are these models valuable?

a. They allow the testing of potential drug therapies without endangering human patients.

b. They allow the sequencing of the mutant allele.

c. They allow the production of large quantities of the defective gene product, usually a protein.

d. They allow the study of how the gene was transmitted from parents to offspring.