Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

8. Respiration

Glycolysis

General Biology

8. Respiration

Glycolysis

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3:15 minutes

Problem 3

Textbook Question

In glycolysis, is oxidized and is reduced.
a. NAD⁺ ... glucose
b. Glucose ... oxygen
c. ATP ... ADP
d. Glucose ... NAD⁺

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the process of glycolysis: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. It involves oxidation-reduction reactions.

Identify the molecule being oxidized: In glycolysis, glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is broken down and oxidized to form two molecules of pyruvate. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms.

Identify the molecule being reduced: During glycolysis, NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) acts as an electron carrier. It is reduced to NADH by gaining electrons (or hydrogen atoms) from glucose.

Eliminate incorrect options: a) NAD+ is not oxidized, it is reduced. b) Oxygen is not directly involved in glycolysis. c) ATP and ADP are involved in energy transfer, not oxidation-reduction. d) Glucose is oxidized, and NAD+ is reduced, which matches the correct description.

Conclude the correct answer: Based on the oxidation of glucose and the reduction of NAD+, the correct answer is 'd. glucose ... NAD+'.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration. Understanding glycolysis is essential for identifying which molecules are oxidized and reduced during this process.

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state. In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while NAD+ is reduced, gaining those electrons to form NADH. This electron transfer is crucial for energy production.

NAD+ and NADH

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier in various metabolic reactions, including glycolysis. When NAD+ accepts electrons during the oxidation of glucose, it is reduced to NADH. This conversion is vital for cellular respiration, as NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain for further ATP production.

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Related Practice

Multiple Choice

There is no production of carbon dioxide in glycolysis. Which of the following is the best explanation for this fact?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules in the process of glycolysis possesses the most chemical energy?

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Multiple Choice

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________.

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Multiple Choice

Of the listed metabolic pathways, which is the only pathway found in all organisms?

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Textbook Question

Step 3 in Figure 9.8 is a major point of regulation of glycolysis. The enzyme phosphofructokinase is allosterically regulated by ATP and related molecules (see Concept 8.5). Considering the overall result of glycolysis, would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of this enzyme? Explain.

(Hint: Make sure you consider the role of ATP as an allosteric regulator, not as a substrate of the enzyme.)

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