Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

9. Photosynthesis

Introduction to Photosynthesis

General Biology

9. Photosynthesis

Introduction to Photosynthesis

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Multiple Choice

In the process of photosynthesis, what is the primary source of hydrogen ions (protons) within the thylakoid lumen?

Carbon dioxide (CO_2) absorbed from the atmosphere

Glucose (C_6H_{12}O_6) produced in the Calvin cycle

Oxygen (O_2) released during photosynthesis

Water molecules (H_2O) split during photolysis

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context of the problem: Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically within the thylakoid membranes. The thylakoid lumen is the space inside these membranes, and hydrogen ions (protons) accumulate here during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Identify the process responsible for generating hydrogen ions: During the light-dependent reactions, photolysis occurs. Photolysis is the splitting of water molecules (H₂O) into oxygen (O₂), electrons, and hydrogen ions (protons) under the influence of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll.

Break down the chemical reaction of photolysis: The reaction can be represented as:

H_{2} O \to O + 4 H + 4 e

This reaction shows that water molecules are split into oxygen gas, protons (H⁺), and electrons.

Explain the role of hydrogen ions: The protons generated during photolysis are released into the thylakoid lumen, contributing to the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. This gradient is essential for ATP synthesis during the light-dependent reactions.

Clarify why other options are incorrect: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is used in the Calvin cycle, not the light-dependent reactions. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is a product of the Calvin cycle, not a source of protons. Oxygen (O₂) is released as a byproduct of photolysis but does not contribute hydrogen ions directly.