Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

13. Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Laws

General Biology

13. Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Laws

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1:59 minutes

Problem 12a

Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. Draw a diagram illustrating what happens to these genes and alleles when meiosis occurs in your reproductive tissues.

Verified step by step guidance

Start with a diploid cell containing homologous chromosomes for Gene 1 (A and a) and Gene 2 (B and b).

During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated into two different cells. Each cell will have one chromosome from each pair (e.g., one cell will have A and B, the other will have a and b).

In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated into different cells.

This results in four haploid cells, each with one allele from each gene (e.g., AB, Ab, aB, ab).

These haploid cells can then participate in fertilization, combining with another haploid cell to form a diploid organism.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid gametes. It consists of two sequential divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This process is crucial for sexual reproduction, ensuring genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment.

Independent Assortment

Independent assortment is a principle of genetics that states that alleles for different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation. This occurs during metaphase I of meiosis when homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at the cell's equator. As a result, the combination of alleles that end up in gametes is a mix of maternal and paternal genes, contributing to genetic variation in offspring.

Heterozygosity

Heterozygosity refers to the presence of two different alleles at a specific gene locus on homologous chromosomes. In the context of the question, being heterozygous for genes A/a and B/b means that the individual carries one dominant and one recessive allele for each gene. This genetic variation is important for the expression of traits and can influence the phenotype of the organism, especially when considering dominant and recessive interactions.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. On the diagram, identify the events responsible for the principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment.

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