Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

40. Circulatory System

Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy

General Biology

40. Circulatory System

Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy

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1:30 minutes

Problem 8

Textbook Question

Which of the following is not a true statement about open and closed circulatory systems?
a. Both systems have some sort of a heart that pumps a circulatory fluid through the body.
b. A frog has an open circulatory system; other vertebrates have closed circulatory systems.
c. The blood and interstitial fluid are separate in a closed system but are indistinguishable in an open system.
d. Some of the circulation of blood in both systems results from body movements.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the difference between open and closed circulatory systems. In an open circulatory system, the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is not confined to blood vessels and directly bathes the organs. In a closed circulatory system, the blood is confined to vessels and is separate from the interstitial fluid.

Step 2: Analyze each statement provided in the question. For example, statement (a) mentions that both systems have a heart that pumps circulatory fluid. This is true because both systems rely on a pumping mechanism to move fluid through the body.

Step 3: Evaluate statement (b). It claims that frogs have an open circulatory system. Recall that frogs are vertebrates and have a closed circulatory system, so this statement is incorrect.

Step 4: Examine statement (c). It states that blood and interstitial fluid are separate in a closed system but indistinguishable in an open system. This is true because, in an open system, hemolymph combines the roles of blood and interstitial fluid.

Step 5: Review statement (d). It suggests that body movements contribute to circulation in both systems. This is true because body movements can help propel circulatory fluid in both open and closed systems. Based on this analysis, the incorrect statement is (b).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Circulatory Systems

Circulatory systems are essential biological systems that transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout an organism. They can be classified into two main types: open and closed systems. In an open circulatory system, the blood (or hemolymph) is not confined to vessels and bathes the organs directly, while in a closed system, blood circulates within a network of vessels, allowing for more efficient transport and regulation.

Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems

Open circulatory systems, found in many invertebrates like insects and some mollusks, allow the circulatory fluid to flow freely within body cavities. In contrast, closed circulatory systems, typical of vertebrates including frogs and humans, maintain blood within vessels, providing better control over blood flow and pressure. This distinction is crucial for understanding how different organisms adapt their circulatory mechanisms to their environments.

Heart Function and Blood Flow

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps circulatory fluid, whether blood or hemolymph, throughout the body. In both open and closed systems, the heart's contractions create pressure that facilitates the movement of the fluid. However, the dynamics of blood flow differ significantly; in closed systems, the pressure is higher and more regulated, while in open systems, the flow is more dependent on body movements and less efficient.

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Textbook Question

In which of the following organisms does oxygen diffuse directly across a respiratory surface to cells, without being carried by the blood?

a. A grasshopper

b. A whale

c. An earthworm

d. A mouse

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Textbook Question

What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi?

a. To sweep air into and out of the lungs

b. To increase the surface area for gas exchange

c. To dislodge food that may have slipped past the epiglottis

d. To sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

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Textbook Question

What do the alveoli of mammalian lungs, the gill filaments of fish, and the tracheal tubes of insects have in common?

a. Use of a circulatory system to transport gases

b. Respiratory surfaces that are infoldings of the body wall

c. Countercurrent exchange

d. A large, moist surface area for gas exchange

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Textbook Question

The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of your lungs. Breathing is automatically controlled by the brain, but you can choose to hold your breath or breathe deeper. What kind of muscle do you suppose makes up the diaphragm? (Explain your answer.)

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Textbook Question

Trace the path of blood starting in a pulmonary vein, through the heart, and around the body, returning to the pulmonary vein. Name, in order, the heart chambers and types of vessels through which the blood passes.

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Textbook Question

Predict how Antarctic icefish can transport enough oxygen in their blood to meet their needs even though they lack hemoglobin.

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Textbook Question

If blood were supplied to all of the body's capillaries at one time,

a. Blood pressure would fall dramatically.

b. Resistance to blood flow would increase.

c. Blood would move too rapidly through the capillaries.

d. The amount of blood returning to the heart would increase.

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Textbook Question

Why did separate systemic and pulmonary circulations evolve in species that have the high-pressure circulatory system required for rapid movement of blood?

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