Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

13. Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Laws

General Biology

13. Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Laws

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3:05 minutes

Problem 12c

Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. Be sure to list all the genetically different gametes that could form and indicate how frequently each type should be observed.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand that since the genes are located on different chromosomes, they will assort independently according to Mendel's law of independent assortment.

Identify the alleles you carry: A and a for one gene, B and b for the other gene. Being heterozygous means you have one dominant and one recessive allele for each gene.

Determine the possible combinations of alleles in the gametes. Since the genes assort independently, each gamete will receive one allele from each gene pair.

List the possible gametes: AB, Ab, aB, and ab. These combinations arise from the independent assortment of the alleles.

Calculate the frequency of each gamete type. Since the genes assort independently, each combination is equally likely, so each gamete type should be observed with a frequency of 25% or 1/4.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance refers to the principles of genetic inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel. It involves the segregation and independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation. In this context, each parent contributes one allele for each gene, and the alleles segregate independently if located on different chromosomes, leading to various combinations in gametes.

Independent Assortment

Independent assortment is a key principle of genetics stating that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis. This occurs because genes located on different chromosomes are assorted into gametes independently, resulting in a variety of genetic combinations. For heterozygous genes A/a and B/b, this means gametes can be AB, Ab, aB, or ab.

Probability of Gamete Formation

The probability of gamete formation is determined by the independent assortment of alleles. For two heterozygous genes on different chromosomes, each allele combination (AB, Ab, aB, ab) is equally likely, with a probability of 25% for each. This equal distribution arises because each allele pair segregates independently during meiosis, ensuring all combinations are equally probable.

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Related Practice

Multiple Choice

The law of independent assortment __________.

If the two traits that Mendel looked at in his dihybrid cross of smooth yellow peas with wrinkled green peas had been controlled by genes that were located near each other on the same chromosome, then the F₂ generation __________.

According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, which of the following is a true statement?

The genes for the traits that Mendel worked with are either all located on different chromosomes or behave as if they were. How did this help Mendel recognize the principle of independent assortment?

a. Otherwise, his dihybrid crosses would not have produced a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio of F2 phenotypes.

b. The occurrence of individuals with unexpected phenotypes led him to the discovery of recombination.

c. It led him to the realization that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explained his results.

d. It meant that the alleles involved were either dominant or recessive, which gave 3 : 1 ratios in the F1 generation.

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Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. On the diagram, identify the events responsible for the principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment.

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Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. Label the stages of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, nonhomologous chromosomes, genes, and alleles.

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Textbook Question

Suppose you are heterozygous for two genes that are located on different chromosomes. You carry alleles A and a for one gene and alleles B and b for the other. Draw a diagram illustrating what happens to these genes and alleles when meiosis occurs in your reproductive tissues.