Contrast technology with science. Give an example of each to illustrate the difference.

Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

a. Electrophoresis — Separation of DNA fragments

b. DNA ligase — Cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments

c. DNA polymerase — Polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA

d. Reverse transcriptase — Production of cDNA from mRNA

'Bt maize'

a. Is resistant to various herbicides, making it practical to weed rice fields with those herbicides.

b. Contains transgenes that increase vitamin A content.

c. Includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces damage from insect pests.

d. Is a 'boron (B)-tolerant' transgenic variety of maize.

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

a. Plant genes do not contain introns.

b. More vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells.

c. A somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant.

d. Plant cells have larger nuclei.

Scientists investigate hypotheses using a variety of methods, depending on the circumstances behind the research. Human nutrition studies (such as those studying whether GMO foods have any health effects) are particularly problematic. Can you design a hypothetical human nutrition study to test whether GMO corn is less healthy than traditional corn? Can you identify real-world problems that may interfere with your design and confound your results?

The fruits of wild species of tomato are tiny compared with the giant beefsteak tomatoes available today. This difference in fruit size is almost entirely due to the larger number of cells in the domesticated fruits. Plant biologists have recently discovered genes that are responsible for controlling cell division in tomatoes.

Why would such a discovery be important to producers of other kinds of fruits and vegetables?

To the study of human development and disease?

To our basic understanding of biology?

Describe why biologists often generate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for research purposes.