Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

12. Meiosis

Life Cycle of Sexual Reproducers

General Biology

12. Meiosis

Life Cycle of Sexual Reproducers

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3:55 minutes

Problem 2

Textbook Question

Add labels to the figure that follows, which illustrates a portion of the human life cycle.

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Identify the male and female figures in the image as representing the human reproductive system. Label them as 'Male' and 'Female' respectively.

Label the structure released by the male as 'Sperm' and the structure released by the female as 'Egg' or 'Ovum'.

Label the fusion of the sperm and egg as 'Fertilization', which results in the formation of a zygote.

Label the single-celled zygote as 'Zygote', which undergoes cell division (cleavage).

Label the multicellular structure formed after several rounds of cell division as 'Blastocyst', which is an early stage of embryonic development.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Human Reproductive Cells

Human reproduction begins with the fusion of gametes, which are specialized reproductive cells: sperm from males and eggs from females. Sperm are motile cells that travel to fertilize the egg, while eggs are larger and contain nutrients necessary for early development. Understanding the structure and function of these cells is crucial for grasping the initial stages of the human life cycle.

Fertilization

Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell successfully penetrates an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote. This single cell contains genetic material from both parents, establishing the foundation for the development of a new organism. The zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, marking the beginning of embryonic development.

Embryonic Development

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions and transformations, leading to the formation of an embryo. This stage involves critical processes such as cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis, where the basic body plan and organ systems are established. Understanding embryonic development is essential for comprehending how a single fertilized egg develops into a complex organism.

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Multiple Choice

Somatic cells in humans contain __________ set(s) of chromosomes and are therefore termed __________.

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Multiple Choice

Nearly all life cycles have both haploid and diploid phases. Usually, the transition from haploid to diploid takes place __________.

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Multiple Choice

Spores and gametes are different in that __________.

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Multiple Choice

Humans have 46 chromosomes. This number of chromosomes will be found in __________.

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Textbook Question

A species of rotifer, a small freshwater invertebrate, lost the ability to reproduce sexually millions of years ago. A remarkable feature of its life cycle is the ability to withstand dry conditions. When the rotifer's environment dries out, so does the rotifer, and it can be blown to a new area. Rotifers that land in water will rehydrate and resume an active life. A major pathogen of these rotifers is a species of fungus that cannot survive drying. Some scientists hypothesize that drying rids the rotifers of this pathogen. Design an experimental study to test this hypothesis.

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Textbook Question

A species of rotifer, a small freshwater invertebrate, lost the ability to reproduce sexually millions of years ago. A remarkable feature of its life cycle is the ability to withstand dry conditions. When the rotifer's environment dries out, so does the rotifer, and it can be blown to a new area. Rotifers that land in water will rehydrate and resume an active life. A major pathogen of these rotifers is a species of fungus that cannot survive drying. Some scientists hypothesize that drying rids the rotifers of this pathogen. Why might the ability to withstand drying reduce any potential advantage of sexual reproduction in this rotifer species?

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Multiple Choice

Which structure fuses to form a diploid zygote during sexual reproduction?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?

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